Mill Farm in Bogdaniec
HISTORY OF THE BOGDANIEC COMMUNE - click and find out more
HISTORY OF THE UPPER MILL -click and find out more
THE MILLER’S DWELLING -click and find out more
ARCHITECTURE OF THE UPPER MILL - click and find out more
THE EXHIBITION „FROM A GRAIN TO A LOAF” - click and find out more
A grinder made by Eisengiesserei & Maschinen- fabrik für Mühlenbau A. Wetzig of Wittenberg (Halle District)
A roller mills made by Hipkow & Co. of Gassen
A grinder made by Gebhard & Sohn from Magdeburg Neustadt
CLICK AND GO TO THE FIRST FLOOR
THE EXHIBITION „FROM A GRAIN TO A LOAF” - click and find out more
See the second part of the exhibition „FROM A GRAIN TO A LOAF”
OLD RURAL CRAFTS - click and find out more
THE WHEELWRIGHT’S/CARPENTER’S WORKSHOP - click and find out more
THE COOPERS’ WORKSHOP - click and find out more
THE SADDLER’S WORKSHOP - click and find out more
BREEDING - click and find out more
AGRICULTURE - click and find out more
TRANSPORT - click and find out more
THRESHING - click and find out more
THE FORGE - click and find out more
A CARDING SHOP - click and find out more
THE MILL AND ITS INHABITANTS - click and find out more
JÓZEF ROGOZIŃSKI - click and find out more
THE HISTORY OF BOGDANIEC AND THE SURROUNDING AREAS - click and find out more
QUERN-STONES - click and find out more
THE HISTORY OF BREAD - click and find out more
THE HISTORY OF APICULTURE - click and find out more
COOPERY - click and find out more
WHEELWRIGHT’S WORK - click and find out more
SADDLERY - click and find out more
POULTRY HOUSE - click and find out more
PIGSTY - click and find out more
BARN - click and find out more
STABLE - click and find out more
PLOUGHING - click and find out more
CART - click and find out more
HARNESS - click and find out more
THE FORGE - click and find out more
WOOL CARDING - click and find out more
THRESHING - click and find out more
WATER MILL - click and find out more
WATCH THE ARCHIVE FILM “MILL HOMESTEAD”
Click and see the ponds at the mill
Click and see the ponds at the mill
%3Cb%3EHISTORY%20OF%20THE%20BOGDANIEC%20COMMUNE%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%206%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20history%20of%20the%20Bogdaniec%20commune%20is%20connected%20to%20the%20history%20of%20the%20lower%20Warta%20River%20Valley%2C%20which%20stretches%20from%20Santok%20to%20Kostrzyn%2C%20where%20the%20Warta%20River%20flows%20into%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0Athe%20Odra%20River.%20The%20width%20of%20the%20valley%20in%20the%20Bogdaniec%20area%20is%20over%207%20kilometres%2C%20the%20height%20above%20sea%20level%20varies%20between%2015%20and%2018%20metres.%20The%20hills%20in%20the%20northern%20part%2C%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0Anear%20the%20village%20of%20Stanowice%2C%20reach%20a%20height%20of%20140%20metres%20above%20sea%20level.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%206%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20oldest%20recorded%20archaeological%20traces%20of%20settlement%20in%20the%20area%20of%20the%20Bogdaniec%20commune%20are%20associated%20with%20Stone%20Age%20hunt-%20ergatherers%20who%20penetrated%20the%20area%20in%20pursuit%20of%20reindeer%20after%20the%20receding%20of%20the%20ice%20sheet%20around%2013000%20BC.%20During%20the%20Neolithic%20period%20of%20the%20Stone%20Age%2C%20the%20first%20agricultural%20cultures%20appeared%20in%20the%20lower%20Warta%20River%20area%3B%20they%20preferred%20a%20settled%20lifestyle%20and%20were%20associated%20with%20the%20people%20of%20the%20Funnelbeaker%20culture%20and%20the%20Globular%20Amphora%20culture%2C%20as%20evidenced%20by%20traces%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0Aof%20settlement%20discovered%20during%20surface%20archaeological%20excavations.%20Traces%20of%20settlement%20from%20the%20Bronze%20Age%20and%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20Iron%20Age%20are%20much%20better%20identified%20and%20documented%2C%20mainly%20on%20the%20basis%20of%20relics%20left%20by%20the%20people%20of%20the%20Lusatian%20culture.%20Among%20the%20numerous%20archaeological%20sites%20from%20this%20period%2C%20the%20following%20places%2C%20explored%20in%20the%201970s%2C%20deserve%20attention%3A%20the%20cremation%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%207%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3Eburial%20ground%20from%20%C5%81upo%CC%81w%2C%20single%20cremation%20burial%20graves%20from%20Jenin%20and%20Bogdaniec%2C%20and%20the%20bronze%20treasure%20from%20%C5%81upo%CC%81w%2C%20discovered%20in%202021.%20In%20the%20early%20Middle%20Ages%2C%20the%20area%20of%20the%20present%20Bogdaniec%20commune%20was%20originally%20part%20of%20the%20early%20Piast%20state%20and%20then%20of%20the%20Santock%20castellany.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%207%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20most%20numerous%20remnants%20of%20Slavic%20settlement%20were%20found%20in%20the%20areas%20of%20today%E2%80%99s%20Jenin%2C%20%C5%81upo%CC%81w%2C%20Motylewo%20and%20Chwa%C5%82owice.%20As%20early%20as%201278%2C%20the%20names%20of%20Jenin%20%28Jenyn%29%20and%20%C5%81upo%CC%81w%20%28Loppowe%29%2C%20presumably%20preserved%20from%20prehis-%20toric%20times%2C%20appeared%20in%20written%20sources%2C%20marking%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20next%20stage%20in%20the%20history%20of%20the%20region%2C%20associated%20with%20German%20colonisation%20within%20the%20Brandenburg%20New%20March.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%208%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20mass%20settlement%20of%20the%20lower%20Warta%20River%20Valley%20is%20related%20to%20the%20so-called%20Holla%CC%88nder%20settlement.%20In%201686%2C%20with%20the%20permission%20of%20the%20Council%20of%20Landsberg%20%28today%E2%80%99s%20Gorzo%CC%81w%29%2C%20three%20Holla%CC%88nders%3A%20Bru%CC%88der%20Jakob%2C%20Gu%CC%88rge%20Rabe%2C%20Har%20Bose%2C%20founded%20the%20Landsberger%20Holla%CC%88nder%20colony%20%28today%E2%80%99s%20Chwa%C5%82owice%29%20on%20what%20is%20now%20known%20as%20B%C5%82ota%20Wieprzyckie.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EHowever%2C%20the%20first%20serious%20efforts%20to%20develop%20the%20floodplains%2C%20i.e.%20the%20great%20colonisation%20of%20the%20Lower%20Warta%20River%20Valley%20%28the%20so-called%20Frederician%20colonisation%29%2C%20started%20during%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0Athe%20reign%20of%20the%20Prussian%20king%2C%20Frederick%20William%20I.%20This%20ruler%2C%20no%20longer%20able%20to%20carry%20out%20his%20plans%2C%20passed%20the%20work%20on%20to%20his%20son%2C%20Frederick%20II.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20descendant%20led%20to%20the%20development%20of%20new%20plans%2C%20continuing%20colonisation%20activities%20on%20a%20large%20scale.%20The%20great%20colonisation%20of%20the%20Warta%20River%20area%20was%20carried%20out%20between%201767%20and%201782.%20It%20was%20then%20that%20today%E2%80%99s%20Bogdaniec%20was%20established.%20In%201768%2C%20the%20first%20colonists%20built%2032%20half-timbered%20houses%2C%20covered%20with%20reeds.%20The%20village%20was%20named%20Du%CC%88ringshofen%20to%20commemorate%20the%20Prussian%20general%20who%20had%20distinguished%20himself%20in%20the%20Seven%20Years%E2%80%99%20War.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%201945%2C%20as%20a%20result%20of%20the%20Second%20World%20War%2C%20the%20area%20along%20the%20lower%20Warta%20River%20once%20again%20became%20a%20part%20of%20Poland.%20The%20former%20inhabitants%2C%20the%20German%20population%2C%20left%20the%20area.%20It%20was%20settled%20by%20Poles%2C%20arriving%20mainly%20from%20the%20so-%20called%20Eastern%20Borderlands%20and%20Greater%20Poland%2C%20but%20also%20from%20various%20parts%20of%20Central%20Poland.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EHISTORY%20OF%20THE%20UPPER%20MILL%20-click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2010%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20history%20of%20flour-milling%20in%20Bogdaniec%20is%20older%20than%20the%20village.%20According%20to%20Otto%20Kaplick%2C%20as%20early%20as%20in%201363%20there%20was%20a%20building%20on%20the%20Bogdanka%20River%20%28Mu%CC%88hlenflie%C3%9F%29%20referred%20to%20as%20the%20lower%20mill%20%28Untermu%CC%88hle%29%3B%20the%20nomenclature%20suggests%20the%20existence%20of%20an%20upper%20mill%20as%20well.%20There%20exists%20evidence%20for%20the%20operation%20of%20two%20mills%20in%20the%2016th%20century%3A%20one%2C%20the%20so-called%20new%20mill%2C%20belonged%20to%20the%20Brandenburg%20Elector%2C%20the%20other%20to%20the%20von%20Marwitz%20family.%20In%201795%20only%20one%20of%20them%20was%20still%20in%20operation.%20It%20is%20possible%20that%20the%20construction%20of%20the%20new%20upper%20mill%20was%20started%20at%20that%20time.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20upper%20mill%20is%20the%20oldest%20of%20the%20three%20surviving%20former%20watermills%20in%20Bogdaniec.%20Kurt%20Reissmann%20dated%20its%20construction%20to%201826.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EUntil%20February%201945%20the%20mill%20belonged%20to%20Richard%20Werk%20%28born%20on%2022%20May%201891%2C%20died%20on%2019%20September%201988%29.%20Richard%20was%20married%20to%20Elisabeth%2C%20ne%CC%81e%20Schroeder.%20They%20had%20three%20children%3A%20Ruth%20Anna%20Luisa%2C%20Maria%20Elisabeth%20and%20Fritz.%20They%20lived%20on%20the%20left%20side%20from%20the%20entrance%20to%20the%20building.%20The%20right%20side%20was%20occupied%20by%20the%20grandparents%3A%20Otto%20and%20Augusta%20%28ne%CC%81e%20Wolff%29%20Schroeder.%20In%201940%2C%20a%20prisoner%20of%20war%2C%20Jo%CC%81zef%20Rogozin%CC%81ski%2C%20was%20sent%20to%20the%20upper%20mill%20as%20a%20forced%20labourer.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2018%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EFrom%20February%201945%20to%2019%20March%201946%2C%20the%20mill%20was%20occupied%20by%20the%20Soviet%20army.%20On%2021%20June%201945%2C%20the%20Werk%20family%20had%20to%20leave%20Bogdaniec%20and%20go%20to%20Germany.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EFrom%20March%201946%2C%20the%20mill%20was%20managed%20by%20Stanis%C5%82aw%20Solarski%20%28born%20on%2029%20February%201913%20in%20Markowce%2C%20Inowroc%C5%82aw%20District%29%2C%20who%20had%20been%20a%20manager%20of%20a%20mill%20in%20Kazimierz%20Biskupi%2C%20Konin%20District%2C%20before%20the%20war.%20He%20leased%20the%20mill%20until%2030%20September%201949.%20In%201950%2C%20the%20upper%20mill%20was%20taken%20over%20by%20the%20%E2%80%9CPeasants%E2%80%99%20Mutual%20Aid%E2%80%9D%20Communal%20Cooperative%2C%20and%20Stanis%C5%82aw%20Witczak%20became%20its%20administrator.%20From%201951%2C%20Wac%C5%82aw%20Fierkowicz%2C%20remembered%20in%20the%20Bogdaniec%20community%20as%20a%20conscientious%20%E2%80%9Emiller%E2%80%9D%2C%20worked%20in%20the%20mill.%20In%201958%20he%20became%20the%20manager%20of%20the%20mill.%20Also%20in%20that%20year%2C%20he%20moved%20in%20there%20with%20his%20family%2C%20thus%20occupying%20half%20of%20the%20residential%20part.%20The%20other%20half%20was%20occupied%20by%20the%20family%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0Aof%20Lucjan%20Rembas.%20It%20was%20here%20that%20speedway%20racer%20Jerzy%20Rembas%2C%20born%20on%2018%20April%201956%2C%20grew%20up%3B%20he%20was%20a%20representative%20of%20the%20Stal%20Gorzo%CC%81w%20club%20and%20one%20of%20the%20best%20Polish%20racers%20in%20the%201970s%20and%20early%201980s.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EOn%2010%20April%201984%2C%20the%20mill%20and%20the%20adjacent%20land%20became%20the%20property%20of%20the%20District%20Museum%20in%20Gorzo%CC%81w%20Wielkopolski.%20On%205%20August%201996%2C%20the%20first%20Bread%20Festival%20was%20held%20here.%20On%2028%20March%202019%2C%20a%20comprehensive%20renovation%20of%20the%20Mill%20Homestead%20began.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHE%20MILLER%E2%80%99S%20DWELLING%20-click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2020%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20the%20old%20times%2C%20a%20miller%20belonged%20to%20the%20rural%20financial%20elite%3B%20he%20had%20incomparably%20higher%20material%20resources%20than%20the%20other%20villagers.%20The%20farm%2C%20the%20mainstay%20of%20most%20peasants%E2%80%99%20livelihoods%2C%20was%20for%20him%20only%20an%20additional%20source%20of%20income.%20Hence%2C%20the%20miller%E2%80%99s%20dwelling%20was%20also%20better%20furnished%20and%20equipped.%20The%20residential%20part%20of%20the%20upper%20mill%20in%20Bogdaniec%20comprised%20seven%20rooms.%20In%20the%20inter-war%20period%2C%20a%20two-generation%20family%20lived%20in%20the%20miller%E2%80%99s%20dwelling%3A%20the%20left%20side%20was%20occupied%20by%20the%20owner%20Richard%20Werk%20with%20his%20wife%20and%20three%20children%2C%20the%20right%20side%20by%20his%20in-laws%3A%20Otto%20and%20Augusta%20Schroeder.%20For%20many%20years%20after%20the%20war%20two%20families%20lived%20here%3A%20the%20Fierkowicz%20family%20and%20the%20Rembas%20family.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2021%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3ETo%20illustrate%20what%20the%20miller%E2%80%99s%20dwelling%20looked%20like%2C%20the%20following%20rooms%20have%20been%20reconstructed%3A%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cul%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3Ea%20living%20room%20from%20the%20turn%20of%20the%2020th%20century%2C%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3Ea%20kitchen%20with%20a%20chamber%20from%20the%20inter-war%20period%2C%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3Ea%20bedroom%20and%20a%20bathroom%20from%20the%20turn%20of%20the%201940s%20and%201950s.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3EThe%20interior%20of%20the%20living%20room%20has%20been%20arranged%20as%20the%20living%20room%20of%20a%20wealthy%20landlord%20from%20the%20turn%20of%20the%2020th%20century.%20The%20furnishings%20have%20the%20character%20of%20a%20bourgeois%20household%20rather%20than%20the%20average%20country%20house%2C%20which%20is%20related%20to%20the%20aforementioned%20wealth%20of%20the%20inhabitants.%20A%20particularly%20noteworthy%20item%20is%20a%20wedding%20chair%20from%201823.%20In%20the%20middle%20of%20the%20room%2C%20there%20are%20an%20early%2020th%20century%20table%20and%20four%20chairs.%20A%20wardrobe%20with%20an%20extension%20and%20a%20Biedermeier-style%20wall%20mirror%2C%20dating%20from%20the%20time%20the%20upper%20mill%20was%20built%2C%20testify%20to%20the%20inhabitants%E2%80%99%20attachment%20to%20their%20ancestors%E2%80%99%20heritage.%20Against%20the%20wall%2C%20there%20is%20an%20early%2020th%20century%20sofa%2C%20while%20on%20the%20opposite%20side%20there%20is%20a%20secretary%20desk%20used%20for%20preparing%20and%20storing%20documentation%20and%20correspondence.%20From%20the%20living%20room%2C%20we%20move%20to%20the%20kitchen%20-%20the%20soul%20of%20the%20house%2C%20the%20centre%20of%20family%20life.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2022%22%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3EThe%20arrangement%20is%20a%20reference%20to%20the%20inter-war%20period.%20We%20can%20find%20there%20a%20tiled%20kitchen%20stove%2C%20a%20kitchen%20sideboard%20with%20scales%2C%20moulds%20for%20yeast%20cakes%2C%20a%20tin%20container%20for%20bread%20and%20other%20items%20necessary%20for%20kitchen%20work%2C%20a%20table%20for%20washing%20dishes%2C%20and%20a%20table%20where%20the%20family%20ate%20meals%2C%20talked%20and%20spent%20their%20time.%20Connected%20to%20the%20kitchen%20is%20a%20chamber%2C%20used%20on%20a%20daily%20basis%20as%20a%20larder%2C%20a%20workshop%20and%20storage%20for%20kitchen%20and%20domestic%20utensils.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2022%22%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3EFrom%20the%20kitchen%20we%20pass%20through%20the%20hallway%20to%20the%201950s%20bedroom%2C%20furnished%20with%20furniture%20from%20the%20period%20between%20the%20late%2019th%20century%20and%20the%20end%20of%20the%20inter-war%20period%2C%20found%20there%20by%20the%20new%20tenants.%20The%20room%20also%20serves%20as%20the%20children%E2%80%99s%20bedroom.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3EFrom%20the%20bedroom%20we%20enter%20the%20bathroom%2C%20or%20rather%20a%20hygiene%20nook%20with%20a%20washbasin%20on%20a%20stand%2C%20a%20lavatory%2C%20a%20chair%20with%20a%20lift%20seat%20and%20a%20hole%20%28serving%20as%20a%20portable%20toilet%29%2C%20a%20mirror%2C%20a%20bathtub.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Ful%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EARCHITECTURE%20OF%20THE%20UPPER%20MILL%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2020%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20one-storey%20mill%20building%20has%20a%20compact%2C%20simple%20body.%20It%20has%20a%20full%20basement%20and%20a%20high%20tiled%20half-hipped%20roof.%20It%20was%20built%20on%20a%20plan%20of%20a%20long%20rectangular.%20It%20has%20three%20levels%3A%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0Aa%20basement%2C%20a%20ground%20floor%20and%20an%20attic.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20contrast%20to%20the%20homogeneous%2C%20compact%20body%20of%20the%20building%2C%20inside%2C%20both%20in%20its%20layout%20and%20spatial-functional%20arrangement%2C%20there%20is%20a%20clear%20division%20into%20two%20parts%3A%20the%20larger%20residential%20part%20and%20the%20smaller%20mill%20production%20part.%20The%20mill%20proper%2C%20i.e.%20the%20production%20space%2C%20comprising%20three%20mill%20halls%20on%20three%20levels%2C%20occupies%20approximately%20two%20fifths%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0Aof%20the%20building%20adjacent%20to%20the%20mill%20canal%20%28on%20the%20east%20side%29.%20The%20remaining%2C%20larger%20part%20%28three%20fifths%29%20is%20the%20former%20miller%E2%80%99s%20dwelling.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHE%20EXHIBITION%20%E2%80%9EFROM%20A%20GRAIN%20TO%20A%20LOAF%E2%80%9D%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2026%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0AFor%20thousands%20of%20years%2C%20the%20production%20of%20flour%2C%20one%20of%20the%20staple%20foods%2C%20was%20made%20possible%20by%20quern-stones%20-%20the%20oldest%20tools%20for%20grinding%20cereal%20grains.%20To%20grind%20grain%20cut%20with%20flint%20sickles%2C%20the%20first%20%E2%80%9Emillers%E2%80%9D%20used%20saddle%20quern-stones%20and%20grinders%20made%20of%20stone%2C%20mostly%20granite.%20Saddle%20quern-stones%20were%20predominant%20in%20prehistory%20from%20the%20Neolithic%20Age%20through%20the%20Bronze%20Age%20until%20the%201st%20century%20BC%2C%20when%20they%20were%20superseded%20by%20rotary%20querns.%20A%20saddle%20quern%20with%20a%20grinder%2C%20found%20in%20the%20area%20of%20Laski%20Lubuskie%2C%20is%20on%20display.%20The%20grinding%20technique%20in%20the%20case%20of%20this%20type%20of%20quern%20consisted%20in%20making%20a%20sliding%20or%20circular%20motion%20with%20the%20grinder%20inside%20a%20deep%20basin.%20The%20working%20person%20crushed%20the%20grain%20in%20a%20kneeling%20position%2C%20on%20a%20stone%20laid%20directly%20on%20the%20ground%20or%20clay%20floor.%20The%20significant%20depth%20of%20the%20exhibited%20granite%20basin%20proves%20the%20long-term%20use%20of%20this%20quern.%20The%20saddle%20quern%20makes%20it%20clear%20how%20the%20problem%20of%20grinding%20grain%20was%20solved%20already%20in%20the%20Neolithic%20times%20with%20simple%20means.%20The%20uncomplicated%20design%20ensured%20maximum%20utility%20and%20efficiency.%20This%20first%2C%20archaic%20type%20of%20quern%20could%20still%20be%20found%20in%20the%20Kurpie%20villages%20in%20the%2019th%20century.%20A%20fundamental%20change%20in%20grain%20processing%20took%20place%20after%20the%20introduction%20of%20rotary%20quern-%20stones.%20We%20owe%20the%20popularisation%20of%20the%20new%20type%20of%20this%20tool%20around%20the%201st%20century%20BC%20to%20the%20Celts.%20The%20development%20of%20agriculture%20led%20to%20an%20increased%20demand%20for%20a%20more%20efficient%20way%20of%20processing%20grain.%20Rotary%20querns%20consisted%20of%20two%20adjoining%20stone%20circles%3A%20a%20lower%2C%20stationary%20one%2C%20known%20as%20the%20saddle%2C%20and%20an%20upper%2C%20mobile%20one%2C%20known%20as%20the%20handstone.%20Grinding%20was%20done%20by%20making%20the%20upper%20stone%20rotate.%20The%20new%20invention%20did%20not%20ultimately%20displace%20the%20old%20type%2C%20but%20pushed%20it%20to%20the%20background.%20By%20comparison%2C%20it%20took%20about%20an%20hour%20to%20grind%20one%20kilogram%20of%20dry%20wheat%20using%20a%20saddle%20quern%2C%202%20kilograms%20of%20grain%20using%20a%20semi-rotary%20quern%2C%20and%204-5%20kilograms%20using%20a%20full-rotary%20quern.%20Rotary%20querns%2C%20in%20their%20modified%20and%20improved%20form%2C%20were%20used%20in%20our%20lands%20until%20modern%20times.%20They%20were%20used%20to%20grind%20small%20quantities%20of%20grain%2C%20thus%20complementing%20the%20work%20of%20water%20mills%20and%20windmills%20which%20developed%20from%20the%20Middle%20Ages%20onwards.%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2027%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2028%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20quern%20was%20one%20of%20the%20most%20important%20pieces%20of%20equipment%20in%20every%20farm%20until%20modern%20times.%20Despite%20the%20proliferation%20of%20mills%2C%20they%20were%20used%20for%20smaller-scale%20production.%20The%20processing%20capacity%20of%20querns%20was%20small%3B%20it%20met%20the%20needs%20of%20one%20farmstead.%20During%20the%20two%20world%20wars%2C%20when%20the%20possibility%20of%20processing%20cereals%20in%20mills%20was%20restricted%2C%20people%20would%20secretly%20grind%20cereals%20using%20old%20stone%20querns.%20Five%20stones%20from%20early%20medieval%20rotary%20querns%20are%20on%20display%2C%20as%20well%20as%20rotary%20querns%20built%20at%20the%20turn%20of%20the%2019th%20and%2020th%20centuries%20in%20the%20regions%20of%20Lviv%2C%20Ternopil%20and%20Vilnius.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20western%20Europe%2C%20a%20watermill%20was%20probably%20first%20used%20in%20Gaul%2C%20on%20one%20of%20the%20tributaries%20of%20the%20Moselle%2C%20around%20the%20year%20500.%20The%20earliest%20reference%20to%20a%20water%20mill%20from%20the%20territory%20of%20Great%20Britain%20dates%20back%20to%20838.%20In%20Germany%2C%20mills%20probably%20appeared%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%208th%20century%2C%20in%20Hungary%20in%20the%20middle%20of%20the%2011th%20century%2C%20in%20Bohemia%20in%20the%20first%20half%20of%20the%2012th%20century%2C%20while%20in%20Polish%20lands%20they%20certainly%20appeared%20in%20the%2012th%20century.%20They%20became%20common%20in%20Poland%20in%20the%20second%20half%20of%20the%2013th%20century.%20In%20the%20early%20days%2C%20mills%20were%20powered%20by%20undershot%20water%20wheels.%20The%20axis%20of%20such%20a%20wheel%20was%20above%20the%20surface%20of%20the%20water%20and%20the%20blades%20were%20moved%20by%20the%20current%20from%20below.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2029%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EMore%20efficient%20overshot%20wheels%20probably%20started%20to%20be%20known%20in%20the%2013th%20century.%20They%20were%20powered%20by%20water%20from%20above%2C%20so%20they%20would%20move%20forwards%20or%20backwards.%20They%20mainly%20used%20the%20potential%20energy%20of%20water.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EBreastshot%20wheels%2C%20in%20use%20since%20the%2018th%20century%2C%20were%20powered%20by%20water%20supplied%20between%20one%20quarter%20and%20three%20quarters%20of%20their%20height.%20They%20used%20both%20the%20potential%20and%20kinetic%20energy%20of%20water.%20They%20required%20a%20lower%20water%20head%20than%20overshot%20wheels.%20The%20breastshot%20wheel%20was%20invented%20by%20the%20English%20civil%20engineer%20and%20machine%20designer%2C%20John%20Smeaton.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EAt%20the%20Bogdaniec%20upper%20mill%2C%20a%20breastshot%20wheel%20with%20a%20diameter%20of%20four%20metres%20is%20installed.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20introduction%20of%20metal%20roller%20mills%2C%20so-called%20cylinders%2C%20instead%20of%20millstones%2C%20was%20of%20great%20importance%20to%20milling.%20They%20were%20installed%20in%20large%20mills%20in%20the%20second%20and%20third%20quarter%2C%20and%20in%20smaller%20mills%20only%20in%20the%20fourth%20quarter%20of%20the%2019th%20century.%20A%20major%20technical%20development%20was%20the%20use%20of%20water%20turbines%2C%20replacing%20water%20wheels.%20In%20Prussia%2C%20turbines%20started%20to%20be%20used%20for%20milling%20purposes%20as%20early%20as%20the%201840s%2C%20but%20did%20not%20find%20practical%20application%20until%20after%201850.%20Their%20introduction%20was%20very%20important%20for%20milling.%20The%20utilization%20of%20water%20energy%20by%20a%20turbine%2C%20compared%20to%20a%20water%20wheel%2C%20was%2025%20to%2040%25%20higher.%20However%2C%20it%20required%20more%20water%20head%20and%20could%20not%20be%20used%20everywhere.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2032%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20upper%20mill%20was%20first%20powered%20by%20a%20water%20wheel%20and%2C%20from%201936%2C%20by%20a%20turbine%2C%20assisted%20by%20a%20diesel%20internal%20combustion%20engine.%20After%20the%20outbreak%20of%20the%20war%20in%20September%201939%2C%20the%20combustion%20engine%20was%20replaced%20by%20an%20electric%20motor.%20At%20the%20time%2C%20the%20mill%20was%20milling%20four%20thousand%20kilograms%20of%20grain%20per%20day.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20centrepiece%20of%20the%20exhibition%20is%20the%20mill%E2%80%99s%20original%20equipment%20-%20four%20grinding%20machines%3A%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cul%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3Ea%20grinder%20made%20by%20Eisengiesserei%20%26%20Maschinen-%20fabrik%20fu%CC%88r%20Mu%CC%88hlenbau%20A.%20Wetzig%20of%20Wittenberg%20%28Halle%20District%29%2C%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3Etwo%20roller%20mills%20made%20by%20Hipkow%20%26%20Co.%20of%20Gassen%2C%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3Ea%20grinder%20made%20by%20Gebhard%20%26%20Sohn%20from%20Magdeburg%20Neustadt.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3EIn%20the%20basement%20of%20the%20mill%20section%2C%20equipment%20related%20to%20the%20mass%20processing%20of%20grain%2C%20used%20on%20farms%2C%20is%20also%20on%20display%3A%20winnowing%20machines%2C%20a%20mill%20for%20cleaning%20grain%2C%20groats%20hulling%20machines%20with%20a%20sorting%20machine%2C%20and%20grinders.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3EThe%20milled%20flour%20could%20be%20used%20to%20bake%20bread.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3EBread%20dough%20was%20made%20in%20a%20multi-step%20process.%20First%2C%20leaven%20was%20prepared.%20Hot%20water%20was%20poured%20into%20rye%20flour%2C%20dough%20was%20kneaded%20and%20left%20in%20a%20warm%20place.%20Often%20the%20housewife%20would%20leave%20a%20lump%20of%20sourdough%20starter%20from%20an%20earlier%20baking.%20All%20she%20had%20to%20do%20was%20pour%20warm%20water%20over%20it%20and%20add%20flour.%20Sourdough%20was%20prepared%20in%20the%20aforementioned%20special%20vessels%20called%20kneading%20troughs.%20Kneading%20troughs%20were%20made%20of%20wooden%20%28usually%20oak%29%20staves%2C%20fastened%20together%20with%20two%20rims%20%28wider%20at%20the%20bottom%2C%20narrower%20at%20the%20top%29.%20If%20no%20oak%20wood%20was%20available%2C%20any%20wood%20was%20used%2C%20which%20had%20to%20be%20dry%20and%20non-resinous%2C%20but%20then%20at%20least%20two%20oak%20staves%20were%20added.%20Sometimes%20there%20were%20troughs%20with%20lids%20made%20of%20straw%20or%20wood.%20The%20most%20valuable%20kneading%20troughs%20were%20those%20handed%20down%20from%20generation%20to%20generation.%20A%20kneading%20trough%20was%20not%20to%20be%20lent%2C%20hence%20the%20saying%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20trough%20is%20afraid%20of%20other%20people%E2%80%99s%20doorsteps%E2%80%9D.%20It%20was%20forbidden%20to%20tap%20it%2C%20or%20lay%20it%20on%20the%20ground%2C%20and%20one%20had%20to%20make%20sure%20it%20was%20not%20blown%20by%20cold%20winds%20and%20sniffed%20by%20dogs%2C%20pigs%20or%20cats.%20It%20also%20played%20an%20important%20role%20in%20wedding%20rituals%3A%20rozpleciny%20%5Ban%20old%20form%20of%20a%20bachelorette%20party%5D%20and%20oczepiny%20%5Ba%20capping%20ceremony%5D%20took%20place%20on%20a%20kneading%20trough.%20This%20wooden%20vessel%20aroused%20intense%20emo-%20tions%20due%20to%20the%20fact%20that%20bread%20dough%20%E2%80%9Cgrew%E2%80%9D%20in%20it%2C%20and%20bread%20was%20held%20in%20the%20highest%20regard.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2033%22%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2034%22%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3EOn%20display%20in%20the%20old%20workshop%20are%20kneading%20troughs%20for%20making%20bread%20dough%20and%20grain%20crushing%20mills%2C%20as%20well%20as%20paddles%20for%20removing%20embers%20from%20the%20bread%20oven%2C%20and%20shovels%20for%20placing%20and%20removing%20bread%20from%20it%2C%20all%20from%20Lviv%2C%20Grodno%20and%20Lemko%20regions.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Ful%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cbr%20type%3D%22_moz%22%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHE%20EXHIBITION%20%E2%80%9EFROM%20A%20GRAIN%20TO%20A%20LOAF%E2%80%9D%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0AFor%20thousands%20of%20years%2C%20the%20production%20of%20flour%2C%20one%20of%20the%20staple%20foods%2C%20was%20made%20possible%20by%20quern-stones%20-%20the%20oldest%20tools%20for%20grinding%20cereal%20grains.%20To%20grind%20grain%20cut%20with%20flint%20sickles%2C%20the%20first%20%E2%80%9Emillers%E2%80%9D%20used%20saddle%20quern-stones%20and%20grinders%20made%20of%20stone%2C%20mostly%20granite.%20Saddle%20quern-stones%20were%20predominant%20in%20prehistory%20from%20the%20Neolithic%20Age%20through%20the%20Bronze%20Age%20until%20the%201st%20century%20BC%2C%20when%20they%20were%20superseded%20by%20rotary%20querns.%20A%20saddle%20quern%20with%20a%20grinder%2C%20found%20in%20the%20area%20of%20Laski%20Lubuskie%2C%20is%20on%20display.%20The%20grinding%20technique%20in%20the%20case%20of%20this%20type%20of%20quern%20consisted%20in%20making%20a%20sliding%20or%20circular%20motion%20with%20the%20grinder%20inside%20a%20deep%20basin.%20The%20working%20person%20crushed%20the%20grain%20in%20a%20kneeling%20position%2C%20on%20a%20stone%20laid%20directly%20on%20the%20ground%20or%20clay%20floor.%20The%20significant%20depth%20of%20the%20exhibited%20granite%20basin%20proves%20the%20long-term%20use%20of%20this%20quern.%20The%20saddle%20quern%20makes%20it%20clear%20how%20the%20problem%20of%20grinding%20grain%20was%20solved%20already%20in%20the%20Neolithic%20times%20with%20simple%20means.%20The%20uncomplicated%20design%20ensured%20maximum%20utility%20and%20efficiency.%20This%20first%2C%20archaic%20type%20of%20quern%20could%20still%20be%20found%20in%20the%20Kurpie%20villages%20in%20the%2019th%20century.%20A%20fundamental%20change%20in%20grain%20processing%20took%20place%20after%20the%20introduction%20of%20rotary%20quern-%20stones.%20We%20owe%20the%20popularisation%20of%20the%20new%20type%20of%20this%20tool%20around%20the%201st%20century%20BC%20to%20the%20Celts.%20The%20development%20of%20agriculture%20led%20to%20an%20increased%20demand%20for%20a%20more%20efficient%20way%20of%20processing%20grain.%20Rotary%20querns%20consisted%20of%20two%20adjoining%20stone%20circles%3A%20a%20lower%2C%20stationary%20one%2C%20known%20as%20the%20saddle%2C%20and%20an%20upper%2C%20mobile%20one%2C%20known%20as%20the%20handstone.%20Grinding%20was%20done%20by%20making%20the%20upper%20stone%20rotate.%20The%20new%20invention%20did%20not%20ultimately%20displace%20the%20old%20type%2C%20but%20pushed%20it%20to%20the%20background.%20By%20comparison%2C%20it%20took%20about%20an%20hour%20to%20grind%20one%20kilogram%20of%20dry%20wheat%20using%20a%20saddle%20quern%2C%202%20kilograms%20of%20grain%20using%20a%20semi-rotary%20quern%2C%20and%204-5%20kilograms%20using%20a%20full-rotary%20quern.%20Rotary%20querns%2C%20in%20their%20modified%20and%20improved%20form%2C%20were%20used%20in%20our%20lands%20until%20modern%20times.%20They%20were%20used%20to%20grind%20small%20quantities%20of%20grain%2C%20thus%20complementing%20the%20work%20of%20water%20mills%20and%20windmills%20which%20developed%20from%20the%20Middle%20Ages%20onwards.%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2027%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2028%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20quern%20was%20one%20of%20the%20most%20important%20pieces%20of%20equipment%20in%20every%20farm%20until%20modern%20times.%20Despite%20the%20proliferation%20of%20mills%2C%20they%20were%20used%20for%20smaller-scale%20production.%20The%20processing%20capacity%20of%20querns%20was%20small%3B%20it%20met%20the%20needs%20of%20one%20farmstead.%20During%20the%20two%20world%20wars%2C%20when%20the%20possibility%20of%20processing%20cereals%20in%20mills%20was%20restricted%2C%20people%20would%20secretly%20grind%20cereals%20using%20old%20stone%20querns.%20Five%20stones%20from%20early%20medieval%20rotary%20querns%20are%20on%20display%2C%20as%20well%20as%20rotary%20querns%20built%20at%20the%20turn%20of%20the%2019th%20and%2020th%20centuries%20in%20the%20regions%20of%20Lviv%2C%20Ternopil%20and%20Vilnius.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20western%20Europe%2C%20a%20watermill%20was%20probably%20first%20used%20in%20Gaul%2C%20on%20one%20of%20the%20tributaries%20of%20the%20Moselle%2C%20around%20the%20year%20500.%20The%20earliest%20reference%20to%20a%20water%20mill%20from%20the%20territory%20of%20Great%20Britain%20dates%20back%20to%20838.%20In%20Germany%2C%20mills%20probably%20appeared%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%208th%20century%2C%20in%20Hungary%20in%20the%20middle%20of%20the%2011th%20century%2C%20in%20Bohemia%20in%20the%20first%20half%20of%20the%2012th%20century%2C%20while%20in%20Polish%20lands%20they%20certainly%20appeared%20in%20the%2012th%20century.%20They%20became%20common%20in%20Poland%20in%20the%20second%20half%20of%20the%2013th%20century.%20In%20the%20early%20days%2C%20mills%20were%20powered%20by%20undershot%20water%20wheels.%20The%20axis%20of%20such%20a%20wheel%20was%20above%20the%20surface%20of%20the%20water%20and%20the%20blades%20were%20moved%20by%20the%20current%20from%20below.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2029%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EMore%20efficient%20overshot%20wheels%20probably%20started%20to%20be%20known%20in%20the%2013th%20century.%20They%20were%20powered%20by%20water%20from%20above%2C%20so%20they%20would%20move%20forwards%20or%20backwards.%20They%20mainly%20used%20the%20potential%20energy%20of%20water.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EBreastshot%20wheels%2C%20in%20use%20since%20the%2018th%20century%2C%20were%20powered%20by%20water%20supplied%20between%20one%20quarter%20and%20three%20quarters%20of%20their%20height.%20They%20used%20both%20the%20potential%20and%20kinetic%20energy%20of%20water.%20They%20required%20a%20lower%20water%20head%20than%20overshot%20wheels.%20The%20breastshot%20wheel%20was%20invented%20by%20the%20English%20civil%20engineer%20and%20machine%20designer%2C%20John%20Smeaton.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EAt%20the%20Bogdaniec%20upper%20mill%2C%20a%20breastshot%20wheel%20with%20a%20diameter%20of%20four%20metres%20is%20installed.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20introduction%20of%20metal%20roller%20mills%2C%20so-called%20cylinders%2C%20instead%20of%20millstones%2C%20was%20of%20great%20importance%20to%20milling.%20They%20were%20installed%20in%20large%20mills%20in%20the%20second%20and%20third%20quarter%2C%20and%20in%20smaller%20mills%20only%20in%20the%20fourth%20quarter%20of%20the%2019th%20century.%20A%20major%20technical%20development%20was%20the%20use%20of%20water%20turbines%2C%20replacing%20water%20wheels.%20In%20Prussia%2C%20turbines%20started%20to%20be%20used%20for%20milling%20purposes%20as%20early%20as%20the%201840s%2C%20but%20did%20not%20find%20practical%20application%20until%20after%201850.%20Their%20introduction%20was%20very%20important%20for%20milling.%20The%20utilization%20of%20water%20energy%20by%20a%20turbine%2C%20compared%20to%20a%20water%20wheel%2C%20was%2025%20to%2040%25%20higher.%20However%2C%20it%20required%20more%20water%20head%20and%20could%20not%20be%20used%20everywhere.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2032%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20upper%20mill%20was%20first%20powered%20by%20a%20water%20wheel%20and%2C%20from%201936%2C%20by%20a%20turbine%2C%20assisted%20by%20a%20diesel%20internal%20combustion%20engine.%20After%20the%20outbreak%20of%20the%20war%20in%20September%201939%2C%20the%20combustion%20engine%20was%20replaced%20by%20an%20electric%20motor.%20At%20the%20time%2C%20the%20mill%20was%20milling%20four%20thousand%20kilograms%20of%20grain%20per%20day.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20centrepiece%20of%20the%20exhibition%20is%20the%20mill%E2%80%99s%20original%20equipment%20-%20four%20grinding%20machines%3A%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cul%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3Ea%20grinder%20made%20by%20Eisengiesserei%20%26%20Maschinen-%20fabrik%20fu%CC%88r%20Mu%CC%88hlenbau%20A.%20Wetzig%20of%20Wittenberg%20%28Halle%20District%29%2C%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3Etwo%20roller%20mills%20made%20by%20Hipkow%20%26%20Co.%20of%20Gassen%2C%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cli%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3Ea%20grinder%20made%20by%20Gebhard%20%26%20Sohn%20from%20Magdeburg%20Neustadt.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3EIn%20the%20basement%20of%20the%20mill%20section%2C%20equipment%20related%20to%20the%20mass%20processing%20of%20grain%2C%20used%20on%20farms%2C%20is%20also%20on%20display%3A%20winnowing%20machines%2C%20a%20mill%20for%20cleaning%20grain%2C%20groats%20hulling%20machines%20with%20a%20sorting%20machine%2C%20and%20grinders.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3EThe%20milled%20flour%20could%20be%20used%20to%20bake%20bread.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3EBread%20dough%20was%20made%20in%20a%20multi-step%20process.%20First%2C%20leaven%20was%20prepared.%20Hot%20water%20was%20poured%20into%20rye%20flour%2C%20dough%20was%20kneaded%20and%20left%20in%20a%20warm%20place.%20Often%20the%20housewife%20would%20leave%20a%20lump%20of%20sourdough%20starter%20from%20an%20earlier%20baking.%20All%20she%20had%20to%20do%20was%20pour%20warm%20water%20over%20it%20and%20add%20flour.%20Sourdough%20was%20prepared%20in%20the%20aforementioned%20special%20vessels%20called%20kneading%20troughs.%20Kneading%20troughs%20were%20made%20of%20wooden%20%28usually%20oak%29%20staves%2C%20fastened%20together%20with%20two%20rims%20%28wider%20at%20the%20bottom%2C%20narrower%20at%20the%20top%29.%20If%20no%20oak%20wood%20was%20available%2C%20any%20wood%20was%20used%2C%20which%20had%20to%20be%20dry%20and%20non-resinous%2C%20but%20then%20at%20least%20two%20oak%20staves%20were%20added.%20Sometimes%20there%20were%20troughs%20with%20lids%20made%20of%20straw%20or%20wood.%20The%20most%20valuable%20kneading%20troughs%20were%20those%20handed%20down%20from%20generation%20to%20generation.%20A%20kneading%20trough%20was%20not%20to%20be%20lent%2C%20hence%20the%20saying%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20trough%20is%20afraid%20of%20other%20people%E2%80%99s%20doorsteps%E2%80%9D.%20It%20was%20forbidden%20to%20tap%20it%2C%20or%20lay%20it%20on%20the%20ground%2C%20and%20one%20had%20to%20make%20sure%20it%20was%20not%20blown%20by%20cold%20winds%20and%20sniffed%20by%20dogs%2C%20pigs%20or%20cats.%20It%20also%20played%20an%20important%20role%20in%20wedding%20rituals%3A%20rozpleciny%20%5Ban%20old%20form%20of%20a%20bachelorette%20party%5D%20and%20oczepiny%20%5Ba%20capping%20ceremony%5D%20took%20place%20on%20a%20kneading%20trough.%20This%20wooden%20vessel%20aroused%20intense%20emo-%20tions%20due%20to%20the%20fact%20that%20bread%20dough%20%E2%80%9Cgrew%E2%80%9D%20in%20it%2C%20and%20bread%20was%20held%20in%20the%20highest%20regard.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2033%22%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2034%22%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3Cp%3EOn%20display%20in%20the%20old%20workshop%20are%20kneading%20troughs%20for%20making%20bread%20dough%20and%20grain%20crushing%20mills%2C%20as%20well%20as%20paddles%20for%20removing%20embers%20from%20the%20bread%20oven%2C%20and%20shovels%20for%20placing%20and%20removing%20bread%20from%20it%2C%20all%20from%20Lviv%2C%20Grodno%20and%20Lemko%20regions.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%09%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Ful%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EOLD%20RURAL%20CRAFTS%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2034%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3ESpecialist%20craftsmen%20were%20an%20integral%20part%20of%20the%20cultural%20landscape.%20The%20Rural%20Crafts%20exhibition%20is%20located%20in%20a%20former%20cowshed%20and%20presents%20three%20workshops%3A%20the%20saddler%E2%80%99s%2C%20cooper%E2%80%99s%20and%20wheelwright%E2%80%99s%2F%20carpenter%E2%80%99s%20workshop.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHE%20WHEELWRIGHT%E2%80%99S%2FCARPENTER%E2%80%99S%20WORKSHOP%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2034%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20wheelwright%2Fcartwright%20made%20carts%20and%20cart%20parts%2C%20especially%20wheels.%20The%20wheelwright%E2%80%99s%2Fcarpenter%E2%80%99s%20workshop%20was%20largely%20equipped%20with%20tools%20used%20by%20Franciszek%20Dz%CC%87umak%2C%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0Aa%20cartwright%20from%20Nadorozhniv%20in%20the%20Ternopil%20region.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20exhibition%20shows%20the%20equipment%20of%20the%20workshop%20from%20the%20early%2020th%20century.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0AParticularly%20noteworthy%20is%20a%20foot-powered%20lathe%20for%20making%20wooden%20hubs%20for%20cart%20wheels.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHE%20COOPERS%E2%80%99%20WORKSHOP%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2034%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3ECoopery%20is%20a%20craft%20involving%20the%20manufacture%20of%20wooden%20stave%20and%20hooped%20vessels.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2035%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20coopers%E2%80%99%20workshop%20on%20display%20has%20been%20equipped%20to%20a%20large%20extent%20with%20tools%20from%20old%20coopers%20from%20the%20Bogdaniec%20commune.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20exhibition%20shows%20the%20equipment%20of%20the%20workshop%20from%20the%20early%2020th%20century.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHE%20SADDLER%E2%80%99S%20WORKSHOP%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2035%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3ESaddlery%20is%20a%20technique%20of%20making%20leather%20objects.%20Saddlers%20specialized%20in%20making%20and%20repairing%20horse%20harnesses.%20They%20used%20suitably%20tanned%20leather%20to%20make%20harness%20parts%2C%20e.g.%20full%20breast%20harnesses%2C%20breast%20harnesses%2C%20reins%2C%20bridles%20and%20leather%20straps%20for%20whips%20or%20flails.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20exhibition%20shows%20workshop%20equipment%20from%20the%20early%2020th%20century%20with%20tools%20from%20old%20craftsmen%20from%20the%20Bogdaniec%20and%20Santok%20communes.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EBREEDING%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2036%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EAn%20exhibition%20covering%20the%20breeding%20and%20care%20of%20animals%20-%20horses%2C%20cows%2C%20poultry%2C%20bees%20is%20held%20in%20a%20former%20stable.%20The%20exhibition%20shows%20equipment%20for%20animal%20feeding%20and%20caring.%20Noteworthy%20is%20the%20calf%20reel%20and%20an%20artificial%20hatchery%20from%20the%20early%2020th%20century%20for%20hens%20and%20pheasants.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EAGRICULTURE%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2036%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EAgricultural%20tools%20from%20the%20first%20half%20of%20the%2020th%20century%20are%20presented%20in%20the%20farm%20building.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2036%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20first%20stage%20of%20tillage%20is%20ploughing%2C%20which%20aims%20to%20break%20up%20the%20soil%20in%20such%20a%20way%20that%20its%20internal%20%E2%80%9Astructure%E2%80%99%20allows%20air%20and%20water%20to%20circulate%20easily.%20The%20most%20important%20tools%20used%20to%20plough%20the%20soil%20are%20the%20sulky%20plough%20and%20the%20plough.%20The%20sulky%20plough%20is%20designed%20to%20move%20and%20spread%20out%20the%20soil%20to%20both%20sides%20in%20such%20a%20way%20that%20no%20substantial%20furrows%20are%20formed.%20A%20more%20modern%20tool%20is%20the%20plough%2C%20the%20design%20of%20which%20causes%20the%20ploughed%20soil%20to%20be%20turned%20to%20one%20side%2C%20creating%20what%20is%20known%20as%20a%20%E2%80%98furrow%E2%80%99.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0AA%20plough%20consists%20ofa%20runner%2C%20a%20ploughshare%2C%20a%20plough-handle%20and%20a%20plough%20beam.%20A%20harrow%20is%20a%20tool%20used%20to%20break%20up%20clods%20and%20level%20ploughed%20soil%2C%20as%20well%20as%20to%20cover%20crops.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2037%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EGrain%20is%20reaped%20low%2C%20and%20a%20stubble%20field%20is%20left.%20Originally%2C%20grain%20ears%20were%20cut%20with%20a%20sickle.%20In%20many%20areas%2C%20however%2C%20the%20sickle%20was%20replaced%20by%20the%20scythe%20and%20later%20by%20the%20power%20mower.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETRANSPORT%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2037%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3ETransport%20artefacts%20are%20on%20display%20in%20the%20former%20coach%20house%20of%20the%20farm%20building.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EAmong%20the%20means%20of%20transport%2C%20the%20most%20important%20in%20folk%20culture%20were%20carts%2C%20which%20can%20be%20divided%20into%20working%20and%20parade%20carts.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3ETwo%20carts%20are%20on%20display%3A%20a%20ladder%20cart%20and%20a%20box%20cart%2C%20two%20parade%20carriages%20and%20two%20hand%20trucks.%20Transport%20means%20on%20skids%20include%20a%20working%20sledge%20and%20a%20parade%20sledge.%20There%20are%20also%20a%20horse%20collar%2C%20a%20shaft%20bow%20and%20a%20yoke%20on%20display.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHRESHING%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2038%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThreshing%2C%20i.e.%20separating%20cereal%20grains%20from%20ears%2C%20was%20originally%20carried%20out%20with%20cattle%20driven%20over%20reaped%20grain%2C%20and%20cleaning%20consisted%20in%20blowing%20chaff%20away%20in%20the%20wind.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2039%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20next%20stage%20in%20the%20development%20of%20threshing%20was%20the%20use%20of%20flails%20-%20simple%20tools%2C%20consisting%20of%20two%20rods%3A%20a%20longer%20one%20%28the%20helve%29%20and%20a%20shorter%2C%20heavier%20one%20%28the%20%E2%80%9Abeater%E2%80%99%29%2C%20connected%20by%20a%20flailstrap%20thong.%20The%20process%20of%20two-person%20threshing%20with%20flails%20was%20based%20on%20the%20alternating%2C%20non-collision%20beating%20with%20the%20beaters%20on%20the%20grains%20strewn%20on%20the%20threshing%20floor%2C%20and%20it%20required%20a%20certain%20amount%20of%20skill.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20next%20improvement%20was%20the%20invention%20of%20the%20threshing%20machine%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%2018th%20century.%20Its%20essential%20element%20is%20a%20threshing%20drum%2C%20which%20breaks%20up%20the%20ears%20by%20rubbing%20them%20against%20the%20stationary%20part%20%28called%20the%20threshing%20floor%29%20and%20striking%20them.%20This%20is%20followed%20by%20the%20separation%20of%20straw%20from%20grain%20and%20fine%20elements%20on%20shakers.%20To%20operate%20a%20threshing%20machine%20a%20lot%20of%20power%20is%20required%2C%20so%20it%20was%20driven%20by%20a%20horse-powered%20treadmill%2C%20and%20over%20time%20by%20locomobiles%2C%20tractors%2C%20internal%20combustion%20engines%20and%20electric%20motors.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EUnder%20the%20umbrella%20roof%20at%20the%20former%20coach%20house%2C%20threshing%20machines%20are%20presented%3A%20the%20engine-powered%20threshing%20machine%20from%20the%201930s%2C%20made%20in%20the%20Schulz%20factory%20in%20Witnica%2C%20and%20the%20%E2%80%9EWis%C5%82a%E2%80%9D%20treadmill%20thresher%20from%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%2020th%20century%2C%20as%20well%20as%20flails%20used%20for%20threshing.%20On%20the%20threshing%20floor%20of%20the%20former%20barn%2C%20there%20are%20the%20treadmills%20used%20to%20start%20the%20threshing%20machines%20and%20a%20Diesel%20engine.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHE%20FORGE%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2041%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20the%20outbuilding%20of%20the%20former%20coach%20house%2C%20a%20typical%20blacksmith%E2%80%99s%20workshop%20from%20the%20lower%20Warta%20River%20region%20has%20been%20recreated.%20It%20comprises%20equipment%20from%20the%20turn%20of%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0Athe%2020th%20century%2C%20successively%20acquired%20from%20workshops%20in%20Jenin%2C%20Santok%2C%20Nowa%20Wies%CC%81%20and%20Osieck.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2042%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20forge%20is%20the%20blacksmith%E2%80%99s%20place%20of%20work.%20This%20one%20has%20a%20typical%20layout.%20Opposite%20the%20entrance%2C%20there%20is%20a%20spacious%20hearth%20and%20to%20its%20left%20a%20pair%20of%20bellows.%20In%20the%20middle%20of%20the%20forge%2C%20there%20are%20an%20anvil%20and%20stake%20from%201693.%20In%20addition%2C%20there%20are%20iron%20rim%20benders%2C%20a%20drill%2C%20a%20whetstone%20used%20for%20sharpening%20tools%2C%20as%20well%20as%20hammers%2C%20tongs%2C%20nail%20guns%2C%20threaders%2C%20and%20bottom%20fullers.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EA%20CARDING%20SHOP%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2042%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3ESheep%20were%20shorn%20twice%20a%20year%3A%20in%20April%2FMay%20and%20October%2FNovember.%20This%20was%20done%20with%20special%20shears%2C%20the%20form%20of%20which%20has%20not%20changed%20to%20this%20day.%20Before%20threads%20could%20be%20spun%2C%20the%20fleece%20had%20to%20be%20combed%20and%20cleaned.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20the%20past%2C%20a%20very%20simple%20tool%20for%20wool%20carding%2C%20i.e.%20tearing%20%2F%20combing%2C%20was%20used%3A%20a%20card%20-%20a%20square%20board%20with%20nails.%20In%20the%2018th%20century%2C%20in%20England%2C%20carding%20machines%20were%20invented%3A%20they%20were%20complicated%20mechanisms%20made%20of%20metal%20rollers%20with%20needles.%20They%20were%20either%20driven%20manually%20-%20with%20a%20crank%20-%20or%20mechanically.%20Wool%20from%20the%20shorn%20sheep%20was%20placed%20on%20a%20special%20feeder%2C%20and%20then%20passed%20through%20the%20machine%E2%80%99s%20numerous%20rollers.%20On%20the%20last%20roller%2C%20the%20already%20carded%20wool%20was%20rolled%20up.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20carding%20machine%20used%20to%20clean%2C%20unravel%20and%20comb%20wool%20fibres%20occupies%20a%20separate%20room.%20Additionally%2C%20there%20are%20also%20spinning%20wheels%20in%20the%20facility.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHE%20MILL%20AND%20ITS%20INHABITANTS%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%201%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%201%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EBeginnings%20of%20flour-%20milling%20in%20Bogdaniec%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20history%20of%20flour-milling%20in%20Bogdaniec%20is%20older%20than%20the%20village.%20It%20is%20not%20known%20how%20many%20buildings%2C%20and%20for%20how%20long%2C%20stood%20at%20the%20site%20of%20the%20present%20so-called%20upper%20mill.%20According%20to%20Otto%20Kaplick%2C%20as%20early%20as%20in%201363%20there%20was%20a%20building%20on%20the%20Bogdanka%20River%20%28Mu%CC%88hlenflie%C3%9F%29%20referred%20to%20as%20the%20lower%20mill%20%28Untermu%CC%88hle%29%3B%20the%20nomenclature%20suggests%20the%20existence%20of%20an%20upper%20mill%20as%20well.%20There%20exists%20evidence%20for%20the%20operation%20of%20two%20mills%20in%20the%2016th%20century%3A%20one%2C%20the%20so-called%20new%20mill%2C%20belonged%20to%20the%20Brandenburg%20Elector%2C%20the%20other%20to%20the%20von%20Marwitz%20family.%20In%201795%20only%20one%20of%20them%20was%20still%20in%20operation.%20It%20is%20possible%20that%20the%20construction%20of%20a%20new%20upper%20mill%20was%20started%20at%20this%20time.%20This%20new%20upper%20mill%20is%20the%20oldest%20of%20the%20three%20surviving%20former%20watermills%20in%20Bogda-%20niec.%20Kurt%20Reissmann%20dated%20its%20construction%20to%201826.%20Henryk%20Kustosz%20believed%20that%2C%20given%20the%20architectural%20form%20and%20the%20applied%20construction%20techniques%2C%20it%20could%20have%20been%20built%20as%20early%20as%20the%20late%2018th%20century.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EThe%20Upper%20Mill%20before%201945%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EUntil%20February%201945%20the%20mill%20belonged%20to%20Richard%20Werk%2C%20who%20was%20born%20on%2022%20May%201891%2C%20and%20died%20on%2019%20September%201988.%20Richard%20was%20married%20to%20Elisabeth%2C%20ne%CC%81e%20Schroeder.%20They%20had%20three%20children%3A%20Ruth%20Anna%20Luisa%2C%20Maria%20Elisabeth%20and%20Fritz.%20They%20lived%20on%20the%20left%20side%20from%20the%20entrance%20to%20the%20building%2C%20the%20right%20side%20was%20occupied%20by%20the%20grandparents%3A%20Otto%20and%20Augusta%20%28ne%CC%81e%20Wolff%29%20Schroeder.%20In%201940%20a%20prisoner%20of%20war%2C%20Jo%CC%81zef%20Rogozin%CC%81ski%2C%20was%20sent%20to%20the%20upper%20mill%20as%20a%20forced%20labourer.%20He%20gained%20Richard%20Werk%E2%80%99s%20trust%20and%20became%20his%20right-hand%20man.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EThe%20Upper%20Mill%20after%201945%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EFrom%20February%201945%20until%2019%20March%201946%2C%20the%20mill%20was%20occupied%20by%20the%20Soviet%20army.%20On%2021%20June%201945%2C%20the%20Werk%20family%20had%20to%20leave%20Bogdaniec%20and%20go%20to%20Germany.%20From%20March%201946%2C%20on%20the%20basis%20of%20a%20permit%20issued%20by%20the%20District%20Land%20Office%2C%20the%20mill%20was%20managed%20by%20Stanis%C5%82aw%20Solarski%20%28born%20on%2029%20February%201913%20in%20Markowce%2C%20Inowroc%C5%82aw%20District%29%2C%20who%20had%20been%20a%20manager%20of%20a%20mill%20in%20Kazimierz%20Biskupi%2C%20Konin%20District%2C%20before%20the%20war.%20He%20leased%20the%20mill%20until%2030%20September%201949.%20In%201950%2C%20the%20upper%20mill%20was%20taken%20over%20by%20the%20%E2%80%9CPeasants%E2%80%99%20Mutual%20Aid%E2%80%9D%20Communal%20Coopera-%20tive.%20Stanis%C5%82aw%20Witczak%20became%20its%20administrator.%20From%201951%2C%20Wac%C5%82aw%20Fierkowicz%2C%20remembered%20in%20the%20Bogdaniec%20community%20as%20a%20%E2%80%9Cconscientious%20miller%E2%80%9D%2C%20worked%20in%20the%20mill.%20In%201958%20he%20became%20the%20manager%20of%20the%20mill.%20In%20the%20same%20year%20he%20moved%20in%20with%20his%20family%2C%20thus%20occupying%20half%20of%20the%20living%20area.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0AThe%20other%20half%20was%20inhabited%20by%20the%20family%20of%20Lucjan%20Rembas.%20It%20was%20here%20that%20Jerzy%20Rembas%20grew%20up%20%28born%20on%2018%20April%201956%2C%20a%20speedway%20rider%2C%20representative%20of%20the%20Stal%20Gorzo%CC%81w%20club%2C%20one%20of%20the%20best%20Polish%20riders%20in%20the%201970s%20and%20early%201980s%29.%20The%20Rembas%20family%20left%20the%20upper%20mill%20in%20the%20mid-1980s.%20The%20Fierkowicz%20family%20also%20left%20the%20mill%20in%201992.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EThe%20Museum%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EPursuant%20to%20decision%20no.%206a%2F10.84%20of%2010%20April%201984%2C%20issued%20by%20the%20head%20of%20the%20Bogdaniec%20com-%20mune%2C%20the%20mill%20and%20the%20adjacent%20land%20became%20the%20property%20of%20the%20District%20Museum%20in%20Gorzo%CC%81w%20Wielkopolski%2C%20which%20is%20now%20known%20as%20the%20Jan%20Dekert%20Lubuskie%20Museum.%20The%20first%20event%20in%20the%20open-air%20museum%20took%20place%20on%2019%20October%201990.%20It%20was%20a%20meeting%20of%20folk%20artists%20living%20in%20Gorzo%CC%81w.%20On%205%20August%201996%2C%20the%20first%20Bread%20Festival%20was%20held%2C%20bringing%20together%20producers%2C%20i.e.%20farmers%2C%20millers%20and%2C%20above%20all%2C%20bakers%20and%20bread%20consumers.%20Its%20originator%20was%20the%20ethnographer%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EDr.%20Wojciech%20Sadowski%2C%20who%20convinced%20the%20director%20of%20the%20Chamber%20of%20Crafts%2C%20Feliks%20Witkowski%2C%20to%20join%20in.%20The%20idea%20materialised%20thanks%20to%20the%20kindness%20of%20the%20Bogdaniec%20commune%20leader%2C%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EJan%20Wo%C5%82ek-Karaczewski.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0AA%20comprehensive%20renovation%20of%20the%20so-called%20upper%20mill%20%E2%80%93%20now%20the%20Mill%20Homestead%20%E2%80%93%20a%20branch%20of%20the%20Jan%20Dekert%20Lubuskie%20Museum%20in%20Gorzo%CC%81w%20Wielkopolski%2C%20started%20on%2028%20March%202019.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EJ%C3%93ZEF%20ROGOZI%C5%83SKI%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%203%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EJo%CC%81zef%20Rogozin%CC%81ski%20was%20a%20prisoner%20of%20war%20who%20was%20sent%20to%20the%20upper%20mill%20in%201940%20as%20a%20forced%20labourer.%20He%20was%20born%20in%20Ke%CC%A8b%C5%82owo%20near%20Wolsztyn%20on%2024%20February%201906%2C%20and%20died%20in%20Jenin%20on%2031%20January%201997.%20He%20fought%20in%20the%201939%20September%20Campaign.%20He%20was%20taken%20prisoner%20by%20the%20Germans%20near%20Sochaczew.%20He%20was%20imprisoned%20in%20the%20POW%20camp%20at%20Luckenwalde.%20In%201940%2C%20he%20stayed%20at%20an%20estate%20in%20Stanowice%2C%20from%20where%20German%20farmers%20could%20take%20prisoners%20to%20work.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3ERogozinski%20was%20chosen%20by%20Richard%20Werk%20from%20the%20upper%20mill.%20He%20gave%20him%20an%20unheated%20room%20in%20the%20cellar%20near%20the%20mill%20%28workshop%29.%20The%20man%20quickly%20gained%20Werk%E2%80%99s%20trust.%20He%20would%20take%20flour%20to%20the%20bakery%20in%20Landsberg%20and%20collect%20goods%20from%20the%20shop.%20Werk%20paid%20him%2040%20marks%20a%20month%20and%20provided%20him%20with%20food.%20Rogozin%CC%81ski%20also%20earned%20extra%20money%20by%20bringing%20people%20goods%20from%20Landsberg.%20He%20also%20helped%20his%20family%20by%20sending%20ration%20cards%20for%20bread%20or%20apples.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EHis%20hosts%20treated%20him%20like%20a%20family%20member%20and%20he%20ate%20together%20with%20them%20at%20the%20table%2C%20despite%20the%20prohibitions%2C%20regulated%20by%20the%20Obligations%20of%20Civilian%20Workers%20of%20Polish%20Nationality%20Staying%20in%20Germany%20of%208%20March%201940%20%28according%20to%20item%20six%2C%20%E2%80%9Cany%20form%20of%20close%20contact%20with%20the%20German%20population%E2%80%9D%20was%20forbidden%29.%20The%20violation%20of%20the%20Polish%20Decrees%20was%20the%20reason%20why%20Richard%20Werk%20was%20arrested%20twice%20by%20the%20Gestapo%20in%20August%201943.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EAfter%20the%20arrival%20of%20Soviet%20troops%20in%20Bogdaniec%20on%2030%20January%201945%20many%20villagers%20sought%20refuge%20in%20the%20upper%20mill.%20The%20Soviets%20wanted%20to%20execute%20Richard%20Werk%2C%20but%20this%20was%20prevented%20by%20Jo%CC%81zef%20Rogozin%CC%81ski%2C%20who%20stood%20up%20for%20the%20Werk%20family%2C%20portraying%20them%20in%20a%20good%20light.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3ERichard%20Werk%20and%20Jo%CC%81zef%20Rogozin%CC%81ski%20remained%20friends%20until%20the%20end%20of%20their%20days.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHE%20HISTORY%20OF%20BOGDANIEC%20AND%20THE%20SURROUNDING%20AREAS%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%202%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EPrehistory%20of%20the%20Warta%20River%20Valley%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20history%20of%20the%20Bogdaniec%20commune%20is%20connected%20to%20the%20history%20of%20the%20lower%20Warta%20River%20Valley%2C%20which%20stretches%20from%20Santok%20to%20Kostrzyn%2C%20where%20the%20river%20flows%20into%20the%20Odra%20River.%20The%20width%20of%20the%20valley%20in%20the%20Bogdaniec%20area%20is%20over%207%20kilometres%2C%20and%20it%20is%20located%20at%2015%20to%2018%20metres%20above%20sea%20level.%20The%20hills%20in%20the%20northern%20part%2C%20near%20the%20village%20of%20Stanowice%2C%20reach%20a%20height%20of%20140%20metres%20above%20sea%20level.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20oldest%20recorded%20archaeological%20traces%20of%20settlement%20in%20the%20area%20of%20today%E2%80%99s%20Bogdaniec%20commune%20date%20back%20to%20the%20Stone%20Age%20%28after%20the%20receding%20of%20the%20ice%20sheet%3B%20about%2013000%20years%20B.C.%29%20and%20are%20associated%20with%20hunter-gatherers%20penetrating%20the%20area%20in%20pursuit%20of%20reindeer.%20During%20the%20Neolithic%20period%20of%20the%20Stone%20Age%2C%20the%20first%20agricultural%20cultures%20appeared%20in%20the%20lower%20Warta%20River%20area%3B%20they%20preferred%20a%20settled%20lifestyle%20and%20were%20associated%20with%20the%20Funnelbeaker%20culture%20or%20the%20Globular%20Amphora%20culture%2C%20as%20evidenced%20by%20traces%20of%20settlement%20discovered%20during%20surface%20archaeological%20excavations.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3ETraces%20of%20settlement%20from%20the%20Bronze%20Age%20and%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20Iron%20Age%2C%20left%20mainly%20by%20the%20people%20of%20the%20Lusatian%20culture%2C%20are%20much%20better%20identified%20and%20documented.%20Among%20the%20numerous%20archaeological%20sites%20from%20this%20period%2C%20the%20following%20deserve%20special%20attention%3A%20the%20cremation%20burial%20ground%20in%20%C5%81upo%CC%81w%2C%20single%20cremation%20burial%20graves%20in%20Jenin%20and%20Bogdaniec%20or%20the%20bronze%20treasure%20from%20%C5%81upo%CC%81w%2C%20discovered%20in%202021.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EThe%20Area%20around%20today%E2%80%99s%20Bogdaniec%20in%20the%20Middle%20Ages%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20the%20early%20Middle%20Ages%2C%20the%20area%20of%20the%20present%20Bogdaniec%20commune%20was%20originally%20part%20of%20the%20early%20Piast%20state%20and%20then%20of%20the%20Santock%20castellany.%20The%20most%20numerous%20remnants%20of%20Slavic%20settlement%20were%20found%20in%20Jenin%2C%20%C5%81upo%CC%81w%2C%20Motylewo%20and%20Chwa%C5%82owice.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EAs%20early%20as%201278%2C%20the%20name%20of%20Jenin%20-%20Jenyn%2C%20and%20%C5%81upo%CC%81w%20-%20Loppowe%2C%20presumably%20preserved%20from%20pre-historic%20times%2C%20appeared%20in%20written%20sources%2C%20marking%20the%20beginning%20of%20another%20stage%20in%20the%20history%20of%20the%20area%2C%20associated%20with%20German%20colonisation%20within%20the%20Brandenburg%20New%20March.%20A%20little%20later%2C%20in%201300%2C%20Rac%C5%82aw%20-%20Razlevesdorp%20and%20Stanowice%20-%20Steneviz%20were%20also%20mentioned%20for%20the%20first%20time%3B%20they%20were%20owned%20at%20the%20time%20by%20the%20Cistercians%20from%20Mironice.%20Jenin%2C%20%C5%81upowo%20and%20Rac%C5%82aw%20remained%20in%20the%20domain%20of%20Mironice%2C%20intermittently%2C%20after%20the%20secularisation%20of%20the%20order%20in%201539.%20Today%E2%80%99s%20Stanowice%20was%20transformed%20during%20this%20period%20from%20a%20knight%E2%80%99s%20fief%20into%20a%20nobleman%E2%80%99s%20estate%20with%20a%20magnificent%20palace.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EHolla%CC%88nder%20Settlement%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20mass%20settlement%20of%20the%20lower%20Warta%20River%20Valley%20is%20related%20to%20the%20so-called%20Holla%CC%88nder%20settlement.%20In%201686%2C%20with%20the%20permission%20of%20the%20Landsberg%20council%2C%20three%20Holla%CC%88nders%2C%20Bru%CC%88der%20Jakob%2C%20Gu%CC%88rge%20Rabe%20and%20Har%20Bose%2C%20founded%20the%20Landsberger%20Holla%CC%88nder%20colony%20%28today%E2%80%99s%20Chwa%C5%82owice%29%20on%20what%20is%20now%20known%20as%20B%C5%82ota%20Wieprzyckie.%20However%2C%20the%20first%20serious%20efforts%20to%20develop%20floodplains%2C%20i.e.%20the%20great%20colonisation%20of%20the%20lower%20Warta%20River%20Valley%20%28the%20so-called%20Frederician%20colonisa-%20tion%29%20started%20during%20the%20reign%20of%20the%20Prussian%20king%2C%20Frederick%20William%20I.%20This%20king%2C%20unable%20to%20carry%20out%20his%20intentions%2C%20passed%20this%20work%20on%20to%20his%20son%2C%20Frederick%20II.%20Under%20his%20reign%2C%20new%20plans%20were%20developed%2C%20and%20the%20colonisation%20efforts%20were%20continued%20on%20a%20large%20scale.%20The%20great%20colonisation%20of%20the%20Warta%20River%20area%20was%20carried%20out%20between%201767%20and%201782.%20It%20was%20the%20time%20when%20Bogdaniec%20was%20built.%20In%201768%2C%20the%20first%20colonists%20built%2032%20half-%20timbered%20houses%20covered%20with%20reeds.%20The%20village%20was%20named%20Du%CC%88ringshofen%20to%20commemorate%20the%20Prussian%20general%20who%20had%20distinguished%20himself%20in%20the%20Seven%20Years%E2%80%99%20War.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ERecent%20History%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%201856%2C%20the%20Eastern%20Railway%20was%20established%2C%20connecting%20Berlin%20with%20Gdan%CC%81sk%2C%20which%20contributed%20to%20the%20development%20of%20Bogdaniec.%20There%20were%20three%20flour-mills%20and%20two%20sawmills%20operating%20in%20the%20village%20at%20that%20time.%20In%20the%20mid-19th%20century%2C%20a%20frame-structure%20church%20was%20built.%20At%20the%20begin-%20ning%20of%20the%2020th%20century%2C%20a%20steam%20mill%20was%20built.%20In%201945%2C%20as%20a%20result%20of%20the%20Second%20World%20War%2C%20the%20area%20along%20the%20lower%20Warta%20River%20once%20again%20became%20a%20part%20of%20Poland.%20The%20former%20inhabitants%2C%20the%20German%20population%2C%20left%20the%20area%2C%20which%20was%20settled%20by%20Poles%20coming%20from%20different%20areas%2C%20primarily%20from%20the%20so-called%20Eastern%20Borderlands%20and%20Greater%20Poland%2C%20but%20also%20from%20different%20parts%20of%20Central%20Poland.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EQUERN-STONES%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%205%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EFor%20thousands%20of%20years%2C%20the%20production%20of%20flour%2C%20one%20of%20the%20staple%20foods%2C%20was%20made%20possible%20by%20quern-stones%20%E2%80%93%20the%20oldest%20tools%20for%20grinding%20cereal%20grains.%20To%20grind%20grain%20cut%20with%20flint%20sickles%2C%20the%20first%20%E2%80%9Cmillers%E2%80%9D%20used%20saddle%20quern-stones%20and%20grinders%20made%20of%20stone%2C%20mostly%20granite.%20Saddle%20quern-stones%20were%20predominant%20in%20prehistory%20from%20the%20Neolithic%20Age%20through%20the%20Bronze%20Age%20until%20the%201st%20century%20BC%2C%20when%20they%20were%20superseded%20by%20rotary%20querns.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EA%20saddle%20quern%20with%20a%20grinder%2C%20found%20in%20the%20area%20of%20Laski%20Lubuskie%2C%20is%20on%20display.%20The%20grinding%20technique%20in%20the%20case%20of%20this%20type%20of%20quern%20consisted%20in%20making%20a%20sliding%20or%20circular%20motion%20with%20the%20grinder%20inside%20a%20deep%20basin.%20The%20working%20person%20crushed%20the%20grain%20in%20a%20kneeling%20position%2C%20on%20a%20stone%20laid%20directly%20on%20the%20ground%20or%20clay%20floor.%20The%20significant%20depth%20of%20the%20granite%20basin%20from%20the%20exhibition%20proves%20the%20long-term%20use%20of%20this%20quern.%20The%20saddle%20quern%20makes%20it%20clear%20how%20the%20problem%20of%20grinding%20grain%20was%20solved%20already%20in%20the%20Neolithic%20times%20with%20simple%20means.%20The%20uncomplicated%20design%20ensured%20maximum%20utility%20and%20efficiency.%20This%20first%2C%20archaic%20type%20of%20quern%20could%20still%20be%20found%20in%20the%20Kurpie%20villages%20in%20the%2019th%20century.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EA%20fundamental%20change%20in%20grain%20processing%20took%20place%20after%20the%20introduction%20of%20rotary%20quern-%20stones.%20We%20owe%20the%20popularisation%20of%20the%20new%20type%20of%20this%20tool%20around%20the%201st%20century%20BC%20to%20the%20Celts.%20The%20development%20of%20agriculture%20led%20to%20an%20increased%20demand%20for%20a%20more%20efficient%20way%20of%20processing%20grain.%20Rotary%20querns%20consisted%20of%20two%20adjoining%20stone%20circles%3A%20a%20lower%2C%20stationary%20one%2C%20known%20as%20the%20saddle%2C%20and%20an%20upper%2C%20mobile%20one%2C%20known%20as%20the%20handstone.%20Grinding%20was%20done%20by%20making%20the%20upper%20stone%20rotate.%20The%20new%20invention%20did%20not%20ultimately%20displace%20the%20old%20type%2C%20but%20pushed%20it%20to%20the%20background.%20By%20comparison%2C%20it%20took%20about%20an%20hour%20to%20grind%20one%20kilogram%20of%20dry%20wheat%20using%20a%20saddle%20quern%2C%202%20kilograms%20of%20grain%20using%20a%20semi-rotary%20quern%20and%204-5%20kilograms%20using%20a%20full-rotary%20quern.%20Rotary%20querns%2C%20in%20their%20modified%20and%20improved%20form%2C%20were%20used%20in%20our%20lands%20until%20modern%20times.%20They%20were%20used%20to%20grind%20small%20quantities%20of%20grain%2C%20thus%20complementing%20the%20work%20of%20water%20mills%20and%20windmills%2C%20which%20developed%20from%20the%20Middle%20Ages%20onwards.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20quern%20was%20one%20of%20the%20most%20important%20pieces%20of%20equipment%20in%20every%20farm%20until%20modern%20times.%20Despite%20the%20proliferation%20of%20mills%2C%20they%20were%20used%20for%20smaller-scale%20production.%20The%20processing%20capacity%20of%20querns%20was%20small%3B%20it%20met%20the%20needs%20of%20one%20farmstead.%20During%20the%20two%20world%20wars%2C%20when%20the%20possibility%20of%20processing%20cereals%20in%20mills%20was%20restricted%2C%20people%20would%20secretly%20grind%20cereals%20using%20old%20stone%20querns.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHE%20HISTORY%20OF%20BREAD%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%206%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EBread%20has%20been%20known%20for%20at%20least%20ten%20to%20eleven%20thousand%20years.%20It%20is%20mentioned%20among%20the%20elementary%20components%20of%20man%E2%80%99s%20daily%20diet%20in%20the%20oldest%20sources%20of%20the%20history%20of%20the%20material%20culture%20of%20Europe%20and%20the%20Middle%20East.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EAn%20important%20technological%20advance%20was%20associated%20with%20sourdough%20bread%20baking.%20It%20was%20first%20made%20by%20the%20ancient%20Egyptians%20around%202600%20BC.%20It%20was%20both%20tastier%20and%20more%20easily%20digestible.%20Among%20the%20Slavs%2C%20the%20kneading%20trough%20played%20an%20essential%20role%20in%20the%20preparation%20of%20sourdough%20bread.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EBread%20dough%20was%20made%20in%20a%20multi-step%20process.%20First%2C%20leaven%20was%20prepared.%20Hot%20water%20was%20poured%20into%20rye%20flour%2C%20dough%20was%20kneaded%20and%20left%20in%20a%20warm%20place.%20Often%20the%20housewife%20would%20leave%20a%20lump%20of%20sourdough%20starter%20from%20an%20earlier%20baking.%20All%20she%20had%20to%20do%20was%20pour%20warm%20water%20over%20it%20and%20add%20flour.%20Sourdough%20was%20prepared%20in%20the%20aforementioned%20special%20vessels%20called%20kneading%20troughs.%20Kneading%20troughs%20were%20made%20of%20wooden%20%28usually%20oak%29%20staves%20fastened%20together%20with%20two%20rims%20%28wider%20at%20the%20bottom%2C%20narrower%20at%20the%20top%29.%20If%20no%20oak%20wood%20was%20available%2C%20any%20wood%20was%20used%2C%20which%20had%20to%20be%20dry%20and%20non-resinous%2C%20but%20then%20at%20least%20two%20oak%20staves%20were%20added.%20Sometimes%20there%20were%20troughs%20with%20lids%20made%20of%20straw%20or%20wood.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20most%20valuable%20kneading%20troughs%20were%20those%20handed%20down%20from%20generation%20to%20generation.%20A%20kneading%20trough%20was%20not%20to%20be%20lent%2C%20hence%20the%20saying%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20trough%20is%20afraid%20of%20other%20people%E2%80%99s%20doorsteps%E2%80%9D.%20It%20was%20forbidden%20to%20tap%20it%2C%20or%20lay%20it%20on%20the%20ground%2C%20and%20one%20had%20to%20make%20sure%20it%20was%20not%20blown%20by%20cold%20winds%20and%20sniffed%20by%20dogs%2C%20pigs%20or%20cats.%20It%20also%20played%20an%20important%20role%20in%20such%20wedding%20rituals%20as%20rozpleciny%20%28an%20old%20form%20of%20a%20bachelorette%20party%29%20and%20oczepiny%20%28a%20capping%20ceremony%29%20which%20took%20place%20on%20a%20kneading%20trough.%20This%20wooden%20vessel%20aroused%20intense%20emotions%20due%20to%20the%20fact%20that%20bread%20dough%20%E2%80%9Cgrew%E2%80%9D%20in%20it%20and%20bread%20was%20held%20in%20the%20highest%20regard.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHE%20HISTORY%20OF%20APICULTURE%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%207%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20folk%20tradition%2C%20honey%20has%20always%20symbolised%20goodness%2C%20beauty%2C%20wealth%2C%20sweetness%2C%20honesty%2C%20truth%2C%20love%20and%20selflessness.%20Honey%20and%20bee%20products%20play%20a%20significant%20role%20in%20the%20prevention%20of%20the%20diseases%20of%20modern%20civilisation%2C%20such%20as%20atherosclerosis%2C%20cancer%2C%20heavy%20metal%20poisoning%2C%20osteoporosis%2C%20allergies%20or%20neuroses.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20first%20records%20of%20human%20interest%20in%20the%20insect%20called%20the%20honeybee%20%28Apis%20mellifera%29%20date%20back%20several%20thousand%20years.%20The%20oldest%20evidence%20is%20a%20rock%20drawing%20depicting%20a%20bee%E2%80%99s%20nest%20in%20the%20Cueva%20de%20la%20Aran%CC%83a%2C%20discovered%20in%201919%20in%20Valencia%2C%20Spain.%20It%20is%20estimated%20to%20be%20around%209%2C000%20or%20even%2015%2C000%20years%20old.%20It%20proves%20that%20honey-picking%20was%20not%20a%20major%20problem%20for%20the%20people%20of%20the%20time%2C%20let%20alone%20a%20novelty.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20bee%E2%80%99s%20gregarious%20lifestyle%20and%20the%20valuable%20products%20of%20its%20labour%20have%20for%20centuries%20aroused%20interest%20in%20this%20insect%20and%20at%20the%20same%20time%20inspired%20respect%20for%20it.%20In%20antiquity%2C%20the%20bee%2C%20seen%20as%20a%20symbol%20of%20life%2C%20was%20almost%20universally%20attributed%20a%20divine%20nature.%20The%20image%20of%20a%20land%20of%20milk%20and%20honey%20was%20constantly%20present%20in%20dreams%2C%20expressing%20people%E2%80%99s%20longing%20for%20a%20better%2C%20prosperous%20life.%20After%20the%20advent%20of%20Christianity%2C%20the%20astonishing%20position%20of%20this%20small%20insect%20was%20not%20degraded.%20Among%20the%20most%20famous%20protectors%20of%20bees%20is%20St.%20Ambrose.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20Poland%2C%20the%20fruits%20of%20bee%20labour%20have%20been%20used%20for%20several%20thousand%20years%2C%20starting%20from%20casual%20honey%20hunting%2C%20through%20primitive%20beekeeping%2C%20to%20modern%20beekeeping.%20Primitive%20beekeeping%2C%20a%20form%20of%20forest%20beekeeping%20involving%20the%20rearing%20of%20bees%20in%20tree%20hollows%20%28hives%29%2C%20was%20a%20very%20ancient%20activity%20in%20the%20Polish%20lands.%20This%20fact%20is%20confirmed%20by%20both%20legends%20and%20historical%20accounts.%20According%20to%20archaeologists%2C%20this%20type%20of%20beekeeping%20was%20practised%20at%20least%20a%20thousand%20years%20before%20the%20reign%20of%20the%20first%20Piasts.%20The%20earliest%20written%20record%20of%20Polish%20beekeeping%20dates%20back%20to%20965%2F966.%20We%20owe%20it%20to%20the%20Arab%20traveller%20and%20merchant%2C%20Ibrahim%20ibn%20Jacob%2C%20who%20noticed%20the%20abundance%20of%20honey%20while%20staying%20in%20the%20Polish%20lands%3A%20%E2%80%9CAnd%20as%20for%20the%20country%20of%20Mieszko%2C%20it%20...%20abounds%20in%20food%2C%20meat%2C%20honey%20and%20ara-%20ble%20land%E2%80%9D.%20Primitive%20beekeeping%20was%20practised%20in%20Poland%20almost%20until%20the%20end%20of%20the%2018th%20century%2C%20when%20it%20was%20eventually%20replaced%20by%20apiary%20farming.%20The%20new%20apiary%20management%20in%20logs%20remaining%20after%20the%20former%20forest%20beehives%20yielded%20more%20honey%20than%20traditional%20hives.%20A%20great%20contribution%20to%20the%20development%20of%20apiculture%20was%20made%20by%20the%20outstanding%20bee%20expert%2C%20Rev.%20Jan%20Dzierz%CC%87on%2C%20who%20popularised%20skewer%20hives%2C%20which%20made%20working%20with%20bees%20easier.%20Hives%20made%20by%20carpenters%20appeared%20in%20apiaries%20more%20and%20more%20frequently.%20Instead%20of%20skewers%2C%20they%20were%20equipped%20with%20frames%20invented%20by%20Rev.%20Jan%20Dolinowski.%20Older%20apiarists%2C%20out%20of%20sentimentality%20for%20their%20hives%2C%20continued%20using%20logs%2C%20while%20younger%20apiarists%20were%20quicker%20to%20introduce%20beekeeping%20innovations%2C%20thus%20contributing%20to%20progress%20while%20simultaneously%20obtaining%20larger%20quantities%20of%20honey.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3ESource%3A%20Romuald%20Wro%CC%81blewski%2C%20Polskie%20pszczelarstwo%20%5BPolish%20Apiculture%5D%2C%20Wroc%C5%82aw%20-%20Warszawa%20-%20Krako%CC%81w%201991%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ECOOPERY%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%208%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3ECoopers%E2%80%99%20products%20in%20the%20form%20of%20wooden%20containers%2C%20such%20as%20oak%20pails%2C%20kneading%20troughs%20for%20kneading%20bread%20dough%2C%20butter%20churns%2C%20buckets%20or%20wash%20tubs%2C%20were%20used%20in%20every%20rural%20household.%20Staveware%20was%20gradually%20replaced%20by%20cheaper%20and%20more%20durable%20factory-made%20products%20%28e.g.%20metal%20buckets%29%20in%20the%20early%2020th%20century.%20This%20process%20intensified%20after%20World%20War%20II.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EA%20cooper%E2%80%99s%20workshop%20was%20usually%20located%20in%20a%20single%20room%20or%20in%20a%20shed.%20Traditional%20hand%20tools%20commonly%20used%20for%20woodworking%20were%20a%20trestle%20for%20planing%20staves%2C%20a%20tool%20for%20cutting%20grooves%20inside%20vessels%20to%20set%20in%20the%20bottoms%2C%20wooden%20compasses%2C%20an%20axe%2C%20a%20spokeshave%20and%20a%20windlass.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EDifferent%20types%20of%20wood%20were%20used%20to%20make%20coopers%E2%80%99%20products.%20Butter%20churns%20were%20made%20of%20spruce%2C%20while%20barrels%20and%20kneading%20troughs%20were%20made%20of%20oak.%20Metal%20hoops%20were%20used%20to%20tighten%20staves.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EWHEELWRIGHT%E2%80%99S%20WORK%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%209%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EAt%20the%20turn%20of%20the%2019th%20and%2020th%20centuries%2C%20and%20even%20after%20WWII%2C%20one%20could%20encounter%20wheelwrights%20in%20towns%20and%20larger%20villages.%20Wheelwrights%20produced%20horse-drawn%20vehicles%20%28carts%2C%20buggies%2C%20chaises%2C%20wheelbarrows%2C%20sleighs%29%2C%20wheels%20for%20sowing%20machines%2C%20ploughs%20and%20sulky%20ploughs%2C%20or%20windlasses.%20They%20worked%20mostly%20on%20commission.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EAfter%20the%20Second%20World%20War%2C%20the%20motor%20industry%20developed%20and%20wooden-wheeled%20carts%20were%20replaced%20by%20vehicles%20with%20rubber%20wheels%2C%20which%20led%20to%20the%20disappearance%20of%20wheelwrighting.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EWheelwrights%20mainly%20used%20hard%20woods%3A%20oak%2C%20beech%2C%20acacia%2C%20birch%20and%20hornbeam.%20Their%20most%20important%20tasks%20included%20making%20and%20repairing%20carts.%20The%20most%20difficult%20part%20was%20making%20wheels%3A%20carving%20and%20turning%20hubs%2C%20making%20spokes%2C%20cutting%20wheel%20felloes%20and%20then%20assembling%20individual%20parts.%20Iron%20wheel%20rims%20and%20forged%20components%20were%20prepared%20by%20a%20blacksmith.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ESADDLERY%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2010%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3ESaddlery%20refers%20to%20the%20technique%20of%20making%20and%20repairing%20horse%20harnesses%20and%20saddles.%20The%20saddlers%20of%20old%20used%20suitably%20tanned%20animal%20skins%20to%20make%20these%20items.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EA%20harness%20is%20a%20garment%20for%20a%20draught%20animal%2C%20mainly%20a%20horse%2C%20which%20is%20part%20of%20a%20team%20%28horse%20and%20cart%29.%20It%20consists%20of%20pulling%2C%20haltering%2C%20steering%20and%20connecting%20parts.%20There%20are%20two%20types%20of%20harness%3A%20the%20horse-collar%20and%20the%20breast-%20harness.%20In%20the%20horse-collar%2C%20the%20drawing%20part%20is%20the%20collar%20with%20the%20pulling%20straps%20or%20cords%2C%20while%20in%20the%20breast%20harness%20it%20is%20the%20breast-%20band.%20Working%20cattle%20would%20draw%20a%20cart%20by%20means%20of%20a%20yoke%20or%20suitably%20modified%20breast-harness.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EPOULTRY%20HOUSE%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2011%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EAn%20outbuilding%20designed%20for%20poultry%20keeping%2C%20especially%20for%20hens.%20Inside%2C%20there%20are%20perches%2C%20i.e.%20horizontal%20poles%20used%20as%20seats%20for%20birds%2C%20nesting%20places%20for%20brood%20hens%2C%20as%20well%20as%20watering%20or%20feed%20troughs.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EPIGSTY%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2011%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EA%20building%20designed%20to%20house%20pigs.%20A%20typical%20pigsty%20is%20a%20low%20building%20with%20small%20windows%20to%20ensure%20warmth%20inside%20the%20facility.%20Until%20recently%2C%20pigsty%20floor%20was%20traditionally%20lined%20with%20straw%2C%20which%20was%20then%20used%20as%20a%20natural%20fertiliser%20along%20with%20pig%20excrement%20lying%20on%20it.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EBARN%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2011%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EA%20building%2C%20less%20commonly%20a%20separate%20part%20of%20a%20building%2C%20used%20to%20house%20domestic%20cattle.%20Traditionally%2C%20it%20was%20only%20in%20winter%20that%20the%20barn%20was%20used%20as%20a%20permanent%20place%20for%20the%20cattle%3B%20at%20other%20times%20of%20the%20year%20it%20was%20only%20a%20place%20for%20animals%20to%20rest%20at%20night.%20The%20floor%20of%20a%20barn%20was%20lined%20with%20straw%2C%20which%2C%20together%20with%20animals%E2%80%99%20excrement%2C%20provided%20valuable%20organic%20fertiliser%2C%20called%20manure.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ESTABLE%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2011%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20most%20parts%20of%20Poland%2C%20this%20word%20means%20a%20building%20for%20horses%3B%20other%20livestock%20are%20kept%20separately.%20In%20the%20south-east%20of%20Poland%2C%20however%2C%20the%20word%20was%20used%20to%20refer%20to%20a%20place%20for%20horned%20cattle%2C%20i.e.%20a%20barn.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EPLOUGHING%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2012%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20first%20stage%20of%20tillage%20is%20ploughing%2C%20which%20aims%20to%20break%20up%20the%20soil%20in%20such%20a%20way%20that%20its%20internal%20%E2%80%98structure%E2%80%99%20allows%20air%20and%20water%20to%20circulate%20easily.%20The%20most%20important%20tools%20used%20for%20ploughing%20the%20soil%20are%20the%20sulky%20plough%20and%20the%20plough.%20The%20sulky%20plough%20is%20designed%20to%20move%20and%20spread%20out%20the%20soil%20to%20both%20sides%20in%20such%20a%20way%20that%20no%20substantial%20furrows%20are%20formed.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EA%20more%20modern%20tool%20is%20the%20plough%2C%20the%20design%20of%20which%20causes%20the%20ploughed%20soil%20to%20be%20turned%20to%20one%20side%2C%20creating%20what%20is%20known%20as%20a%20%E2%80%98furrow%E2%80%99.%20A%20plough%20consists%20of%20a%20runner%2C%20a%20ploughshare%2C%20a%20plough-handle%20and%20a%20plough%20beam.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EA%20harrow%20is%20a%20tool%20used%20to%20break%20up%20clods%20of%20earth%20and%20level%20ploughed%20soil%2C%20as%20well%20as%20to%20cover%20crops.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EGrain%20is%20reaped%20low%2C%20and%20a%20stubble%20field%20is%20left.%20Originally%2C%20grain%20ears%20were%20cut%20with%20a%20sickle.%20In%20many%20areas%2C%20however%2C%20the%20sickle%20was%20replaced%20by%20the%20scythe%20and%20later%20by%20the%20power%20mower.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ECART%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2014%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EOne%20of%20the%20most%20important%20discoveries%20in%20human%20history%20was%20the%20wheel.%20The%20first%20historical%20data%20on%20wheels%20come%20from%20Mesopotamia%20and%20Syria.%20These%20are%20finds%20dating%20to%20around%203500%20BC%20in%20the%20form%20of%20drawings%20depicting%20carts%20equipped%20with%20disc%20wheels.%20Spoke%20wheels%20appeared%20around%202%2C000%20BC.%20Carts%20began%20to%20appear%20in%20the%20territory%20of%20today%E2%80%99s%20Poland%20around%20800%20BC%3B%20at%20first%20two-wheeled%20and%20then%20four-wheeled%20carts%20with%20solid%20wheels.%20In%20the%20early%20Middle%20Ages%2C%20solid%20wheels%20were%20replaced%20by%20spoke%20wheels%2C%20with%20the%20circumference%20bent%20from%20a%20single%20piece%20of%20wood.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20farm%20cart%20had%20a%20universal%20purpose%3B%20its%20body%20was%20adapted%20to%20carry%20a%20variety%20of%20loads.%20The%20body%20in%20the%20form%20of%20a%20folding%20box%20was%20used%20for%20transporting%20root%20crops%2C%20as%20well%20as%20loose%20and%20bagged%20goods.%20The%20body%20in%20the%20form%20of%20ladders%20leaning%20sideways%20against%20the%20rods%20appears%20on%20the%20harvest%20cart.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EA%20characteristic%20feature%20of%20the%20chassis%20is%20the%20perch%20between%20the%20front%20and%20rear%20sections%3B%20the%20turning%20point%20then%20is%20on%20the%20front%20axle.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EHARNESS%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2013%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20harness%20consists%20of%20leather%20elements%20that%20make%20it%20possible%20to%20take%20advantage%20of%20a%20horse%E2%80%99s%20drawing%20power.%20The%20basic%20types%20are%20the%20collar%20and%20the%20breast%20harness.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20collar%20covers%20the%20base%20of%20a%20horse%E2%80%99s%20neck.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0AIt%20is%20made%20of%20arched%20wooden%20hames%20put%20together%20and%20a%20soft%20leather%20or%20felt%20pad%20attached%20to%20them.%20It%20is%20usually%20pear-shaped%2C%20i.e.%20the%20bottom%20covering%20the%20lower%20part%20of%20the%20neck%20and%20trachea%20is%20wide%20and%20gently%20rounded%2C%20while%20the%20sides%20are%20straight%20and%20even%2C%20diagonally%20converging%20at%20the%20top%2C%20above%20the%20horse%E2%80%99s%20neck.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20the%20breast%20harness%2C%20the%20pressure%20of%20a%20drawn%20cart%20is%20transferred%20to%20the%20breastband%20in%20the%20form%20of%20a%20wide%20belt%20placed%20over%20a%20horse%E2%80%99s%20chest%2C%20together%20with%20auxiliary%20straps.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHE%20FORGE%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2015%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EThe%20Blacksmith%E2%80%99s%20Workshop%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0A%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIt%20is%20generally%20accepted%20that%2C%20in%20the%20history%20of%20technology%2C%20blacksmithing%20or%20forging%20encompasses%20the%20processes%20of%20manufacturing%20objects%20made%20of%20steel%2C%20as%20well%20as%20non-ferrous%20metals%20and%20their%20alloys.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20addition%20to%20shoeing%20horses%2C%20the%20smith%E2%80%99s%20wide%20range%20of%20activities%20included%20repairing%20agricultural%20tools%20used%20for%20tillage%2C%20forging%20scythes%20and%20sickles%2C%20and%20ensuring%20the%20technical%20efficiency%20of%20rural%20means%20of%20transport.%20In%20the%20latter%20case%2C%20the%20blacksmith%20often%20cooperated%20with%20the%20wheelwright%2C%20for%20whom%20he%20prepared%20steel%20rims%20that%20connected%20wheel%20felloes%20or%20strengthened%20the%20axles%20of%20carts%20with%20iron-rimmed%20wheels.%20Sometimes%20the%20blacksmith%20had%20to%20repair%20doors%20and%20gates%20that%20were%20falling%20apart%2C%20to%20which%20the%20fittings%20he%20had%20forged%20were%20mounted.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EAll%20work%20was%20carried%20out%20using%20appropriate%20hand%20forging%20tools.%20Bending%20machines%20were%20used%20to%20shape%20wheel%20rims%20and%20metal%20plates%2C%20and%20special%20nail%20machines%20%E2%80%93%20to%20swage%20horsenail%20heads.%20The%20anvil%20was%2C%20of%20course%2C%20an%20object%20of%20special%20care%3B%20its%20smoothness%20had%20to%20be%20maintained%20by%20periodically%20rubbing%20it%20with%20a%20salt%20solution.%20The%20help%20of%20the%20smith%E2%80%99s%20assistant%20was%20indispensable%20in%20this%20procedure.%20Under%20the%20watchful%20eye%20of%20the%20master%2C%20he%20ensured%20the%20good%20technical%20condition%20of%20the%20smith%E2%80%99s%20two-beaked%20anvils%2C%20various%20punches%2C%20hammers%20or%20swedges%20for%20shaping%20steel%20details.%20Above%20all%2C%20however%2C%20the%20assistant%20had%20to%20have%20good%20hearing%20and%20a%20sense%20of%20rhythm%20to%20be%20able%20to%20strike%20the%20glowing%20steel%20with%20the%20hammers%20and%20enter%20into%20a%20magical%20dialogue%20with%20his%20master.%20A%20dialogue%2C%20so%20to%20speak%2C%20conjuring%20fire%20into%20a%20relationship%20with%20the%20hardest%20of%20all%20metals...%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20the%20whole%20forging%20process%2C%20the%20most%20important%20role%20was%20played%20by%20the%20smithy%20forge.%20Its%20temperature%20was%20raised%20to%20the%20right%20level%20by%20forcing%20air%20into%20it%20using%20a%20pair%20of%20forge%20bellows.%20The%20forge%20enabled%20the%20hot%20forging%20of%20steel%2C%20as%20a%20result%20of%20which%20it%20became%20malleable%20and%20easier%20to%20deform.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EWOOL%20CARDING%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2016%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3ESheep%20were%20shorn%20twice%20a%20year%3A%20in%20April%2FMay%20and%20October%2FNovember.%20This%20was%20done%20with%20special%20shears%2C%20the%20form%20of%20which%20has%20not%20changed%20to%20this%20day.%20Before%20threads%20could%20be%20spun%2C%20fleece%20had%20to%20be%20combed%20and%20cleaned.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20the%20past%2C%20a%20very%20simple%20tool%20for%20wool%20carding%2C%20i.e.%20tearing%20%2F%20combing%20wool%20was%20used%3A%20a%20card%20%E2%80%93%20a%20square%20board%20with%20nails.%20In%20the%2018th%20century%2C%20in%20England%2C%20carding%20machines%20were%20invented.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0D%0AThey%20were%20complicated%20mechanisms%20made%20of%20metal%20rollers%20with%20needles.%20They%20were%20either%20driven%20manually%20with%20a%20crank%20or%20mechanically.%20Wool%20from%20shorn%20sheep%20was%20placed%20on%20a%20special%20feeder%2C%20and%20then%20passed%20through%20a%20machine%E2%80%99s%20numerous%20rollers.%20On%20the%20last%20roller%2C%20the%20already%20carded%20wool%20was%20rolled%20up.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3ETHRESHING%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%2017%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThreshing%2C%20i.e.%20separating%20cereal%20grains%20from%20ears%2C%20was%20originally%20carried%20out%20with%20cattle%20driven%20over%20reaped%20grain%2C%20and%20cleaning%20consisted%20in%20blowing%20chaff%20away%20in%20the%20wind.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20next%20stage%20in%20the%20development%20of%20threshing%20was%20the%20use%20of%20flails%20%E2%80%93%20simple%20tools%20consisting%20of%20two%20rods%3A%20a%20longer%20one%20%28the%20helve%29%20and%20a%20shorter%2C%20heavier%20one%20%28the%20beater%29%2C%20connected%20by%20a%20flaistrap%20thong.%20The%20process%20of%20two-person%20threshing%20with%20flails%20was%20based%20on%20the%20alternating%2C%20non-collision%20beating%20with%20the%20beaters%20on%20the%20grains%20strewn%20on%20the%20threshing%20floor%2C%20and%20it%20required%20a%20certain%20amount%20of%20skill.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20next%20improvement%20was%20the%20invention%20of%20the%20threshing%20machine%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%2018th%20century.%20Its%20essential%20element%20is%20a%20threshing%20drum%20hich%20breaks%20up%20ears%20by%20rubbing%20them%20against%20a%20stationary%20part%20%28called%20threshing%20floor%29%20and%20striking%20them.%20This%20is%20followed%20by%20the%20separation%20of%20straw%20from%20grain%20and%20fine%20elements%20on%20shakers.%20To%20operate%20a%20threshing%20machine%20a%20lot%20of%20power%20is%20required%2C%20so%20it%20was%20driven%20by%20a%20horse-powered%20treadmill%2C%20and%20over%20time%20by%20locomobiles%2C%20tractors%2C%20internal%20combustion%20engines%20and%20electric%20motors.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
%3Cb%3EWATER%20MILL%20%20-%20click%20and%20find%20out%20more%3C%2Fb%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Cdiv%20title%3D%22Page%204%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%C2%A0%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20western%20Europe%2C%20a%20watermill%20was%20probably%20first%20used%20in%20Gaul%2C%20on%20one%20of%20the%20tributaries%20of%20the%20Moselle%2C%20around%20the%20year%20500.%20The%20earliest%20reference%20to%20a%20water%20mill%20from%20the%20territory%20of%20Great%20Britain%20dates%20back%20to%20838.%20In%20Germany%2C%20mills%20probably%20appeared%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%208th%20century%2C%20in%20Hungary%20in%20the%20middle%20of%20the%2011th%20century%2C%20in%20Bohemia%20in%20the%20first%20half%20of%20the%2012th%20century%2C%20while%20in%20Polish%20lands%20they%20certainly%20appeared%20in%20the%2012th%20century.%20They%20became%20common%20in%20Poland%20in%20the%20second%20half%20of%20the%2013th%20century.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20the%20early%20days%2C%20mills%20were%20powered%20by%20undershot%20water%20wheels.%20The%20axis%20of%20such%20a%20wheel%20was%20above%20the%20surface%20of%20the%20water%20and%20the%20blades%20were%20moved%20by%20the%20current%20from%20below.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EMore%20efficient%20overshot%20wheels%20probably%20started%20to%20be%20known%20in%20the%2013th%20century.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20introduction%20of%20metal%20roller%20mills%2C%20so-called%20cylinders%2C%20instead%20of%20millstones%2C%20was%20of%20great%20importance%20to%20milling.%20They%20were%20installed%20in%20large%20mills%20in%20the%20second%20and%20third%20quarter%2C%20and%20in%20smaller%20mills%20only%20in%20the%20fourth%20quarter%20of%20the%2019th%20century.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EA%20major%20technical%20development%20was%20the%20use%20of%20water%20turbines%2C%20replacing%20water%20wheels.%20In%20Prussia%2C%20turbines%20started%20to%20be%20used%20for%20milling%20purposes%20as%20early%20as%20the%201840s%2C%20but%20did%20not%20find%20practical%20application%20until%20after%201850.%20Their%20introduction%20was%20very%20important%20for%20milling.%20The%20utilisation%20of%20water%20energy%20by%20a%20turbine%2C%20compared%20to%20a%20water%20wheel%2C%20was%2025%20to%2040%25%20higher.%20However%2C%20it%20required%20more%20water%20head%20and%20could%20not%20be%20used%20everywhere.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cp%3EThe%20upper%20mill%20was%20first%20powered%20by%20a%20water%20wheel%20and%2C%20from%201936%2C%20by%20a%20turbine%2C%20assisted%20by%20a%20diesel%20internal%20combustion%20engine.%20After%20the%20outbreak%20of%20the%20war%20in%20September%201939%2C%20the%20combustion%20engine%20was%20replaced%20by%20an%20electric%20motor.%20At%20the%20time%2C%20the%20mill%20was%20milling%204%2C000%20kilograms%20of%20grain%20per%20day.%3C%2Fp%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
WATCH THE ARCHIVE FILM “MILL HOMESTEAD”
Click and see the ponds at the mill
Click and see the ponds at the mill
The upper mill, circa 1914
The upper mill, early 20th century
The upper mill, circa 1928
In front of the upper mill, late 1930s
Auguste Schroeder, née Wolff (1870-1946)
Otto Schroeder (1862–1938)
Elisabeth Werk, née Schroeder (1895-1972)
Richard Werk (1891–1988)
Fritz Werk (1921–1943)
Ruth Henke, née Werk (1924-2014)
Mr and Mrs Fierkowicz
Wacław Fierkowicz
The family of Wacław Fierkowicz
Lucjan Rembas’s family
%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20%20class%3D%22audio-player-wrap%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22wrap%22%3E%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Caudio%20controls%20class%3D%22audio%22%20preload%3D%22none%22%3E%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Csource%20src%3D%22https%3A%2F%2Fmpskin.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com%2Fimg%2Fcrm%2F8d9766a69b764fefc12f56739424d136%2F20231023-152016-ml-zagroda-en.mp3%22%3E%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Faudio%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A